Difference between revisions of "Abrasive"

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== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=diamond diamond], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=emery emery], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=corundum corundum], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sand sand], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=garnet garnet], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=quartz quartz], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=pumice pumice], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=diatomaceous%20earth diatomite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=kaolin kaolin], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fuller%27s%20earth fuller's earth], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=talc talc], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=chalk chalk], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cuttlebone cuttlefish bone]. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=silicon%20carbide silicon carbide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=aluminum%20oxide aluminum oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zirconium%20oxide zirconium oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=titanium%20dioxide titanium dioxide], green rouge ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=chromic%20oxide chromic oxide]), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=stannic%20oxide stannic oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ceric%20oxide cerium oxide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glass glass], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=boron%20carbide boron carbide], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=boron%20nitride boron nitride], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=synthetic%20diamond synthetic diamond]. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Mohs%27%20hardness%20scale Mohs' scale] in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.
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Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include [[diamond|diamond]], [[emery|emery]], [[corundum|corundum]], [[sand|sand]], [[garnet|garnet]], [[quartz|quartz]], [[pumice|pumice]], [[diatomaceous%20earth|diatomite]], [[kaolin|kaolin]], [[fuller%27s%20earth|fuller's earth]], [[talc|talc]], [[chalk|chalk]], and [[cuttlebone|cuttlefish bone]]. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include [[silicon%20carbide|silicon carbide]], [[aluminum%20oxide|aluminum oxide]], [[zirconium%20oxide|zirconium oxide]], [[titanium%20dioxide|titanium dioxide]], green rouge ([[chromic%20oxide|chromic oxide]]), [[stannic%20oxide|stannic oxide]], [[ceric%20oxide|cerium oxide]], [[glass|glass]], [[boron%20carbide|boron carbide]], boron nitride, and [[synthetic%20diamond|synthetic diamond]]. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the [[Mohs%27%20hardness%20scale|Mohs' scale]] in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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== Comparisons ==
 
== Comparisons ==
  
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[[media:Abrasive_table.xls|Properties of Common Abrasives]]
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Compound
 +
! Names
 +
! Chemical classification
 +
! Source
 +
! Color
 +
! Hardness
 +
! Density
 +
! Particle size
 +
! Commercial product names
 +
|-
 +
| diamond
 +
| balla, bort, carbonado
 +
| carbon
 +
| Naturally occuring primarily in  Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955
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| transparent to black
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| 10.0
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| 3.51-3.53
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| emery
 +
| corundum; emery flour, jeweler's  emery
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| oxide
 +
| Natural mixture of corundum and  magnetite; used since ancient times
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| black
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| 8.0-9.0
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| 3.7-4.3
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|
 +
| Carborundum
 +
|-
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| silicon  dioxide
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| sand, silica, quartz, glass,  flint, chert, tripoli powder
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| oxide
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| Naturally occuring world-wide
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| clear to opaque
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| 5.5-7.0
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| 2.2-2.6
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|
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| Silex
 +
|-
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| garnet
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| pyrope, almandine, carbuncle
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| silicate
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| Mineral
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| red
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| 6.5-7.5
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| 3.52-4.32
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| pumice
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| potassium aluminum silicate
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| silcate
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| Natural volcanic mineral-used  since ancient times
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| gray
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| 6.0-6.5
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| diatomite
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| diatomaceous earth, fossil  flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth,
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| silicate
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| Mineral skeletons of water  plants
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| gray
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|
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| 1.9-2.35
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|
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| Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel,  Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
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|-
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| kaolin
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| kaolinite, China clay,  Devonshire clay, bolus alba, procelain clay, argilla, fuller's earth
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| silicate
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| Naturally occuring world-wide
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| white
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| 2.0 - 2.5
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| 2.6-2.63
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|  
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|
 +
|-
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| talc
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| talcum, soapstone, steatite,  asbestine, tailors chalk
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| silicate
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| Naturally occuring world-wide
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| white, gray or green
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| 1.0
 +
| 2.5-2.8
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| 2.0
 +
|
 +
|-
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| calcium  carbonate
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| chalk, whiting, calcite
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| carbonate
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| Naturally occuring in most  part's of the world as marble, limestone, and sea shells
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| white
 +
| 3.0
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| 1.8-2.7
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| iron  oxide
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| hematite, colcothar, crocus  powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge
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| oxide
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| Naturally occuring  world-wide.  Used since ancient times
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| red
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| 5.5 - 6.5
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| 4.2-5.3
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| silicon  carbide
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| Carborundum
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| carbide
 +
| Synthetic-discovered in 1884
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| green to black
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| 9.0-9.5
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| 3.22-3.23
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|
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| Micromesh, Carborundum,  Unirundum, Carbofrax
 +
|-
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| aluminum  oxide
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| alumina, corundum, sapphire
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| oxide
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| Mineral (corundum);  Synthetic-first made in 1888
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| white
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| 8.8-9.0
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| 2.8-4.0
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|
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| Alundum®, Aloxite,  Bauxilite
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|-
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| titanium  dioxide
 +
| titania
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| oxide
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| Mineral (rutile);  Synthetic-anatase made in 1906; rutile made in 1938
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| white
 +
| 6.0-6.5
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| 4.26
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| 0.2-0.5 micrometers
 +
| Titanox; Unitane
 +
|-
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| zirconium  oxide
 +
| zircon, zirconia
 +
| oxide
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| Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic
 +
| white
 +
|
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| 5.85
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| chromic  oxide
 +
| chromia, green rouge
 +
| oxide
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| Synthetic-first made in 1809
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| dull green
 +
|
 +
|
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| 0.1-1.0 micrometers
 +
|
 +
|-
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| stannic  oxide
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| putty powder, jeweler's putty,  tin dioxide
 +
| oxide
 +
| Mineral (cassiterite)
 +
| white
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| 6.0-7.0
 +
| 6.6-6.9
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| cerium  oxide
 +
| ceric oxide, ceria
 +
| oxide
 +
|
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| brown
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
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| Ceriorouge
 +
|-
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| tungsten  carbide
 +
|
 +
| carbide
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| boron  carbide
 +
|
 +
| carbide
 +
| Synthetic
 +
| black
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| 9.0
 +
| 2.60
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|
 +
|
 +
|-
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| metal  wool
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| steel wool, bronze wool
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| metal
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|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| rottenstone
 +
|
 +
| silicate
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| feldspar
 +
|
 +
| silicate
 +
| Naturally occuring world-wide.
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| plant  products
 +
| walnut shells, rice husk,  dusting powder (cellulose)
 +
| cellulose
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| animal  products
 +
| fish skin, horse tail, horse  hair
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| whetstone
 +
| oilstone, snakestone, honestone,  rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
  
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[[media:download_file_242.pdf|Properties of Common Abrasives]]
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==Downloads/Print==
 +
[[media:Abrasive_table.xls|Properties of Common Abrasives (Excel)]]
  
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== Authority ==
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[[media:download_file_231.pdf|Properties of Common Abrasives (pdf)]]
  
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "abrasive" Encyclopædia Britannica.  [Accessed October 2, 2003].
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== Resources and Citations ==
 +
 
 +
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "abrasive" [Accessed October 2, 2003].
  
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 4
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 4
Line 28: Line 292:
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
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* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive (Accessed Jan. 15, 2006)
  
 
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
 
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986

Latest revision as of 14:54, 2 September 2023

Abrasives

Description

Hard, fine particles used to polish metals, stone, wood, glass, and other materials. Naturally occurring materials used as abrasives include Diamond, Emery, Corundum, Sand, Garnet, Quartz, Pumice, diatomite, Kaolin, Fuller's earth, Talc, Chalk, and cuttlefish bone. Manufactured materials used as abrasives include Silicon carbide, Aluminum oxide, Zirconium oxide, Titanium dioxide, green rouge (Chromic oxide), Stannic oxide, cerium oxide, Glass, Boron carbide, boron nitride, and Synthetic diamond. Abrasives are sold as powders, slurries, and as abrasive cloths, papers, and wheels. They are characterized by hardness and particle size. Their hardness can be measured on the Mohs' scale in which the diamond is rated as a 10. Mild abrasives, such as chalk and talc, have a hardness of 1-3 Mohs. Diamond and silicon carbide are hard abrasives. Particle size depends on the mesh of the sieves used for separation, i.e. a 600 grit abrasive contains particles 8 micrometers and smaller.

Synonyms and Related Terms

diamond; emery; corundum; sand; garnet; quartz; pumice; diatomite; kaolin; fuller's earth; talc; chalk; cuttlefish bone; silicon carbide; aluminum oxide; zirconium oxide; titanium dioxide; green rouge; chromic oxide; tin oxide; cerium oxide; glass; boron carbide; boron nitride; steel wool; abrasive paper; lubrisil, micromesh; abrasive powder; crocus powder; jewelers rouge; rottenstone; tripoli powder; whiting; Schleifmittel (Deut.); abrasif (Fr.);

Comparisons

Compound Names Chemical classification Source Color Hardness Density Particle size Commercial product names
diamond balla, bort, carbonado carbon Naturally occuring primarily in Africa, southeast Asia, South America and Australia; Synthetic-made in 1955 transparent to black 10.0 3.51-3.53
emery corundum; emery flour, jeweler's emery oxide Natural mixture of corundum and magnetite; used since ancient times black 8.0-9.0 3.7-4.3 Carborundum
silicon dioxide sand, silica, quartz, glass, flint, chert, tripoli powder oxide Naturally occuring world-wide clear to opaque 5.5-7.0 2.2-2.6 Silex
garnet pyrope, almandine, carbuncle silicate Mineral red 6.5-7.5 3.52-4.32
pumice potassium aluminum silicate silcate Natural volcanic mineral-used since ancient times gray 6.0-6.5
diatomite diatomaceous earth, fossil flour, siliceous earth, infusorial earth, silicate Mineral skeletons of water plants gray 1.9-2.35 Snow Floss, Celite®, Sil-O-Cel, Super-Cel, Kenite®, Diactiv®, Primisil®
kaolin kaolinite, China clay, Devonshire clay, bolus alba, procelain clay, argilla, fuller's earth silicate Naturally occuring world-wide white 2.0 - 2.5 2.6-2.63
talc talcum, soapstone, steatite, asbestine, tailors chalk silicate Naturally occuring world-wide white, gray or green 1.0 2.5-2.8 2.0
calcium carbonate chalk, whiting, calcite carbonate Naturally occuring in most part's of the world as marble, limestone, and sea shells white 3.0 1.8-2.7
iron oxide hematite, colcothar, crocus powder, ferric oxide, jeweler's rouge, optical rouge oxide Naturally occuring world-wide. Used since ancient times red 5.5 - 6.5 4.2-5.3
silicon carbide Carborundum carbide Synthetic-discovered in 1884 green to black 9.0-9.5 3.22-3.23 Micromesh, Carborundum, Unirundum, Carbofrax
aluminum oxide alumina, corundum, sapphire oxide Mineral (corundum); Synthetic-first made in 1888 white 8.8-9.0 2.8-4.0 Alundum®, Aloxite, Bauxilite
titanium dioxide titania oxide Mineral (rutile); Synthetic-anatase made in 1906; rutile made in 1938 white 6.0-6.5 4.26 0.2-0.5 micrometers Titanox; Unitane
zirconium oxide zircon, zirconia oxide Mineral (baddeleyite); synthetic white 5.85
chromic oxide chromia, green rouge oxide Synthetic-first made in 1809 dull green 0.1-1.0 micrometers
stannic oxide putty powder, jeweler's putty, tin dioxide oxide Mineral (cassiterite) white 6.0-7.0 6.6-6.9
cerium oxide ceric oxide, ceria oxide brown Ceriorouge
tungsten carbide carbide
boron carbide carbide Synthetic black 9.0 2.60
metal wool steel wool, bronze wool metal
rottenstone silicate
feldspar silicate Naturally occuring world-wide.
plant products walnut shells, rice husk, dusting powder (cellulose) cellulose
animal products fish skin, horse tail, horse hair
whetstone oilstone, snakestone, honestone, rubbing stone, coticule, Ayr stone

Downloads/Print

Properties of Common Abrasives (Excel)

Properties of Common Abrasives (pdf)

Resources and Citations

  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 4
  • Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
  • Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981

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