Antler

Description

A bony horn that grows on the head of deer, moose, elk, and caribou from the Cervidae family. New antlers are grown each year. They start as soft tissue covered in fur that is called velvet. The spongy, calcareous tissue hardens with time and the deer rub off the protective velvet covering. Antlers are Bone, but have a uniform outer cortex structure with a spongy center core. They are primarily composed of Calcium hydroxyapatite with smaller amounts of Calcium carbonate, Calcium fluoride, and Magnesium phosphate. Antlers also contain about 30% Ossein, a high molecular weight Protein. The hard, but carvable, material has been used since Paleolithic times for numerous small items such as points, harpoons, needles, combs, and axe handles.

Elk

Synonyms and Related Terms

antlers; horn; merrain (Fr.); gevir (Dan.); Geweih (Deut.); gewei (Ned.);

Other Properties

Thin sections of antler show random blood vessels paths (Thornton 1981)

Additional Information

J.Thornton,"The Structure of Ivory and Ivory Substitutes", AIC Preprints, Philadelphia, 1981, p.173-181

Additional Images

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  White-tailed deer

Sources Checked for Data in Record

• G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971

• Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986

• Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988

• A. MacGregor, Bone, Antler, Ivory, and Horn, Croom Helm, London, 1985

• Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler (Accessed Mar. 20, 2006) -for non-English terms

• Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000