Difference between pages "Damascus steel" and "Carbon arc"

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== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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A very strong, hand-wrought [[steel]] made in Near Eastern and Asian countries from approximately 900 to 1600 CE. Damascus steel was made from a heterogeneous metal mixture of [[iron]] and steel that was drawn out, folded over, and then welded many times. This sequence produced wavy patterns in the steel which were enhanced with acid etching. The hot metal mixture was also placed selectively in contact with organic materials to add carbon (up to 2%) to the alloy. Damascus steel was primarily used for sword blades.  Damascus steel was the forged steel of the blades of swords smithed in the Near East from ingots of Wootz steel[1] either imported from Southern India or made in production centres in Sri Lanka,[2] or Khorasan, Iran.[3] These swords are characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water, sometimes in a "ladder" or "rose" pattern. Such blades were reputed to be tough, resistant to shattering, and capable of being honed to a sharp, resilient edge.[4]
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Solid carbon filaments or rods produce light and heat when an electrical arc is passed between them. Carbon arc lamps require low-currents, but produce of brilliant, high intensity glow. They can simulate the spectrum of sunlight including the ultraviolet and infrared regions. Carbon arc lamps have been used for motion picture projectors. They are also used to produce intense heat for the cutting and welding of metals.
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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damask steel; damasked steel; Damaszenerstahl (Deut.); acero de damasco (Esp.); Damast staal (Ned.)
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carbon-arc (Br.); Lichtbogen (Deut.)
  
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Wootz (Indian), Pulad (Persian), Fuladh (Arabic), Bulat (Russian) and Bintie (Chinese) are all names for historical ultra-high carbon crucible steel typified by carbide segregation.
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== Risks ==
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* Carbon arc fumes are toxic.  They emit nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide and vapors from rare earth metals. 
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* The ultraviolet light can damage eyes.
  
 
==Resources and Citations==
 
==Resources and Citations==
  
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* David C. Scott, ''Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 141
  
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
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* ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
  
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
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* Hoechst Celanese Corporation, ''Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology'' (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
  
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Damascus steel." Accessed 5 Nov. 2004.
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* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
  
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* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel (Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 15:09, 19 May 2022

Description

Solid carbon filaments or rods produce light and heat when an electrical arc is passed between them. Carbon arc lamps require low-currents, but produce of brilliant, high intensity glow. They can simulate the spectrum of sunlight including the ultraviolet and infrared regions. Carbon arc lamps have been used for motion picture projectors. They are also used to produce intense heat for the cutting and welding of metals.

Synonyms and Related Terms

carbon-arc (Br.); Lichtbogen (Deut.)

Risks

  • Carbon arc fumes are toxic. They emit nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide and vapors from rare earth metals.
  • The ultraviolet light can damage eyes.

Resources and Citations

  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 141
  • ASTM, Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 14, General Methods and Instrumentation, ASTM, G113, 1371-1373, Sep-94
  • Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology (older version called Man-made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, 1965), Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte NC, 1990
  • Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

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