Difference between pages "Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant" and "Stand oil"

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[[File:51-69_Stand.Oil_canvas.jpg|thumb|Stand oil]]
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== Description ==
  
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[[File:SC155045.jpg|right|250px|link=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/207552/kamakura-village-from-an-untitled-series-of-westernstyle-l?ctx=1be86594-d25a-458d-827f-8e5dc3048977&idx=0|Kamakura Village by Katsushika Hokusai]]
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A pale, thick, concentrated form of [[linseed%20oil|linseed oil]]. Stand oil is prepared by anaerobically heating linseed oil to about 300C. This allows the oil to partially polymerize without any [[oxidation|oxidation]] occurring. Aneorobic conditions are obtained using a vacuum or [[carbon%20dioxide|carbon dioxide]] atmosphere. Stand oil was likely developed by the Dutch in the 19th century. Stand oil dries more slowly and yellows less than untreated linseed oil. It forms a tough, flexible film that is resistant to weathering. Stand oils have been used in [[varnish|varnishes]], glazes, and as a high viscosity additive to other paint media. Half oil is 50% stand oil and 50% [[turpentine%20%28oil%29|turpentine]].
  
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<font size="3">'''[[Calcium carbonate]]'''</font> 胡粉(''gofun''): A white powder that can occur in three crystalline forms: [[calcite]] (hexagonal-rhombohedral), [[aragonite]] (orthorhombic) and vaterite. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in many forms such as [[chalk]], [[limestone]], [[marble]] and [[seashell|sea shells]]. In Japan, the source is sea shells. <!--Before the 15c., the term gofun has been used to also indicate lead white but today it is exclusively used for calcium carbonate.-->
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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Calcium carbonate can be difficult to confirm as a printed color since the water used papermaking can be have high concentrations of calcium; also it was sometimes used as an additive to the pulp during papermaking.
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Standöle (Deut.); standoil (It); olio standolizzato (It); half oil; standoil; polymerized oil; lithographic oil; English oil varnish;
  
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Calcium carbonate has been found mixed with [[:Category:Carbon black:Ukiyo-e colorant|carbon black]] to create a wide range of gray tones that can appear as a pale blue color. Extensive use of calcium carbonate is found on Harunobu’s ''mizu-e'' or water prints of the 1760’s which are images printed with no or faintly printed outlines. Sometimes a calcium carbonate paint was spattered across the surface of a completed print in order to approximate the appearance of snow or sea spray.
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
  
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'''For more information see:''' [[Calcium carbonate]]
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* Iodine number is lower than linseed oil. 
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<br>
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* Produces a greenish iridescent fluorescence.
  
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== Examples of Calcium carbonate in Ukiyo-e Prints ==
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==Resources and Citations==
  
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 
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|}
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 
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|}
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 
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|}
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 
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|-
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 
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|}
 
  
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* M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
  
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== Analysis ==
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 458
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X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect calcium, which in a white area, is an indication for the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>).
 
  
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
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* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
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Madder EEM ref.jpg|<center>EEM plot for Madder</center>
 
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</gallery>
 
  
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==Other Images of Calcium carbonate ==
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* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
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<gallery>
 
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Gofun.jpg|Gofun, <small>by Musashino Art University</small>
 
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Oyster shells.jpg|Weathered oyster shells, <small>by Central Japan Railway Company</small>
 
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</gallery>
 
  
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* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
  
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<!--==List of Prints ==
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* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002
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List of prints where indigo was detected-->
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
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[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 14:52, 4 June 2022

Stand oil

Description

A pale, thick, concentrated form of Linseed oil. Stand oil is prepared by anaerobically heating linseed oil to about 300C. This allows the oil to partially polymerize without any Oxidation occurring. Aneorobic conditions are obtained using a vacuum or Carbon dioxide atmosphere. Stand oil was likely developed by the Dutch in the 19th century. Stand oil dries more slowly and yellows less than untreated linseed oil. It forms a tough, flexible film that is resistant to weathering. Stand oils have been used in varnishes, glazes, and as a high viscosity additive to other paint media. Half oil is 50% stand oil and 50% turpentine.

Synonyms and Related Terms

Standöle (Deut.); standoil (It); olio standolizzato (It); half oil; standoil; polymerized oil; lithographic oil; English oil varnish;

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Iodine number is lower than linseed oil.
  • Produces a greenish iridescent fluorescence.

Resources and Citations

  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
  • M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 458
  • Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002

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