Difference between pages "Damascus steel" and "Stand oil"

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[[File:51-69_Stand.Oil_canvas.jpg|thumb|Stand oil]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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A very strong, hand-wrought [[steel]] made in Near Eastern and Asian countries from approximately 900 to 1600 CE. Damascus steel was made from a heterogeneous metal mixture of [[iron]] and steel that was drawn out, folded over, and then welded many times. This sequence produced wavy patterns in the steel which were enhanced with acid etching. The hot metal mixture was also placed selectively in contact with organic materials to add carbon (up to 2%) to the alloy. Damascus steel was primarily used for sword blades.  Damascus steel was the forged steel of the blades of swords smithed in the Near East from ingots of Wootz steel[1] either imported from Southern India or made in production centres in Sri Lanka,[2] or Khorasan, Iran.[3] These swords are characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water, sometimes in a "ladder" or "rose" pattern. Such blades were reputed to be tough, resistant to shattering, and capable of being honed to a sharp, resilient edge.[4]
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A pale, thick, concentrated form of [[linseed%20oil|linseed oil]]. Stand oil is prepared by anaerobically heating linseed oil to about 300C. This allows the oil to partially polymerize without any [[oxidation|oxidation]] occurring. Aneorobic conditions are obtained using a vacuum or [[carbon%20dioxide|carbon dioxide]] atmosphere. Stand oil was likely developed by the Dutch in the 19th century. Stand oil dries more slowly and yellows less than untreated linseed oil. It forms a tough, flexible film that is resistant to weathering. Stand oils have been used in [[varnish|varnishes]], glazes, and as a high viscosity additive to other paint media. Half oil is 50% stand oil and 50% [[turpentine%20%28oil%29|turpentine]].
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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damask steel; damasked steel; Damaszenerstahl (Deut.); acero de damasco (Esp.); Damast staal (Ned.)
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Standöle (Deut.); standoil (It); olio standolizzato (It); half oil; standoil; polymerized oil; lithographic oil; English oil varnish;
  
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Wootz (Indian), Pulad (Persian), Fuladh (Arabic), Bulat (Russian) and Bintie (Chinese) are all names for historical ultra-high carbon crucible steel typified by carbide segregation.
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
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* Iodine number is lower than linseed oil. 
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* Produces a greenish iridescent fluorescence.
  
 
==Resources and Citations==
 
==Resources and Citations==
  
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* David C. Scott, ''Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
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* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
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* M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 458
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* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
  
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
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* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
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* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
  
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Damascus steel." Accessed 5 Nov. 2004.
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* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002
  
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* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_steel (Accessed Nov. 10, 2004)
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 14:52, 4 June 2022

Stand oil

Description

A pale, thick, concentrated form of Linseed oil. Stand oil is prepared by anaerobically heating linseed oil to about 300C. This allows the oil to partially polymerize without any Oxidation occurring. Aneorobic conditions are obtained using a vacuum or Carbon dioxide atmosphere. Stand oil was likely developed by the Dutch in the 19th century. Stand oil dries more slowly and yellows less than untreated linseed oil. It forms a tough, flexible film that is resistant to weathering. Stand oils have been used in varnishes, glazes, and as a high viscosity additive to other paint media. Half oil is 50% stand oil and 50% turpentine.

Synonyms and Related Terms

Standöle (Deut.); standoil (It); olio standolizzato (It); half oil; standoil; polymerized oil; lithographic oil; English oil varnish;

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Iodine number is lower than linseed oil.
  • Produces a greenish iridescent fluorescence.

Resources and Citations

  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
  • M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 458
  • Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002

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