Difference between revisions of "Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant"

Safflower 紅花(benibana): An organic red colorant obtained from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius, it produces a range of tone from pink to red. The florets are picked, then dried and crushed into a paste. The paste is washed with water to remove the non-lightfast yellow chromophors including several quinochalcones. The red colorant, primarily carthamin, is then extracted in an alkaline bath. The deepest reds are obtained through several initial washings to remove all of the water-soluble yellows. Safflower was grown throughout Edo Japan for use as cosmetics as well as food dyes. The area of Yamagata was known as a producer of high quality benibana and still produces it today.

Safflower can produce a light pink, such as the delicate pink used to depict the subtle eye shadow or blush to a deeper red. Safflower and madder are the most commonly found red until the introduction of aniline dyes. Red safflower and madder are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although a visual difference between a single colorant red safflower and red safflower/madder mixture is hard to discern today, madder may have been mixed to extend the safflower which was expensive. Safflower is also the most commonly used red with dayflower to produce purple. This combination of safflower and dayflower is continually detected even after the introduction of synthetic colorants such as Prussian blue and aniline dyes, which seems to indicate that the tone obtained by the two was preferred over other possible mixtures of reds and blues.

For more information see: Safflower

Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints

Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance by Katsushika Hokusai

Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu

Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu

Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu

Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu

Examples: square image, link to plot page not reference collection if possible.

Analysis

Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: safflower, madder, and sappanwood. Safflower fluoresces under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM plot, even when the safflower has visually faded to a dull brownish red. In addition to the fluorescence for the red chromophor, the pattern often contained an additional peak for the yellow chromophore that was supposedly removed in the preparation of the red colorant but often needed several washings for complete elimination.

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  3D EEM plot for Safflower
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  3D EEM plots for Red references
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  Overlay of EEM curves for Red references
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  Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references
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  Visible light and UVA for Red references

Other Images of Safflower

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  Safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius)

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  Safflower petals

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  Safflower cakes, by Isehan Honten

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  Safflower dyed on paper

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  Safflower colorant, by Isehan Honten

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  Cosmetic beni (Rouge), by Isehan Honten

List of Prints

List of prints where indigo was detected