Difference between revisions of "Graff "C" stain"
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| + | [[File:Cotton_rag_40x_endslabel.jpg|thumb|Cotton fibers stained with Graff "C" Stain]] | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
A chemical stain used for general analysis of paper fibers using optical microscopy. The stain can help distinguish common pulping methods and fibers due to the range of colors presented. Stain color can range from vivid yellow with high [[lignin]] pulps such as [[mechanical wood pulp]], to red with high [[alpha cellulose]] pulps such as [[cotton]]. "C" stain is a solution prepared from aluminum chloride, [[calcium chloride]], [[zinc chloride]], and [[potassium iodide]]. "C" stain can be used as a spot test for the presence of lignin. | A chemical stain used for general analysis of paper fibers using optical microscopy. The stain can help distinguish common pulping methods and fibers due to the range of colors presented. Stain color can range from vivid yellow with high [[lignin]] pulps such as [[mechanical wood pulp]], to red with high [[alpha cellulose]] pulps such as [[cotton]]. "C" stain is a solution prepared from aluminum chloride, [[calcium chloride]], [[zinc chloride]], and [[potassium iodide]]. "C" stain can be used as a spot test for the presence of lignin. | ||
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== Other Properties == | == Other Properties == | ||
| − | When used for fiber analysis, "C" stain will create a vivid yellow color | + | When used for fiber analysis, "C" stain will create a vivid yellow color when used on pulps that are high in lignin. With decreasing amounts of lignin (increased cooking of pulp), the degree of yellow will decrease to greenish yellow or brown/yellow. Bleaching will result in a reddish tint that becomes more pronounced with increased bleaching. Pulps that are high in alpha cellulose and free from lignin will stain bright red. The red tones can be difficult to see in hardwood pulps. Some specific fibers can produce additional colors. "C" stain will permanently discolor fibers, but diagnostic colors are temporary and will darken with oxidation. |
| − | == | + | == Additional Images == |
| + | <gallery> | ||
| + | File:SUBK 10x2 label.jpg|Softwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | File:SWGW 40x label.jpg|Softwood groundwood paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | File:SWBS puget 10x label.jpg|Softwood bleached sulfite paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | Sycamore 10x2.jpg|Hardwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | Ash 10x.jpg|Hardwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | UBK sugar pine 10x.jpg|Softwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | Euc vessel 40x.jpg|Eucalyptus paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | Flax 40x nodes bastshive.jpg|Flax paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | Cotton linter 40x taperlabel.jpg|Cotton paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | Esparto 40x se commas.jpg|Esparto paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Sources Checked for Data in Record == | ||
* J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940. | * J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940. | ||
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| + | * Walter Rantanen. 'Fiber ID Course.' Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture. | ||
*TAPPI Official Standard T401 om-08. ''Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard''. 2008. http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Test-Methods/UNTITLED-0104T401pdf.aspx | *TAPPI Official Standard T401 om-08. ''Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard''. 2008. http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Test-Methods/UNTITLED-0104T401pdf.aspx | ||
Latest revision as of 22:14, 30 April 2016
Description
A chemical stain used for general analysis of paper fibers using optical microscopy. The stain can help distinguish common pulping methods and fibers due to the range of colors presented. Stain color can range from vivid yellow with high Lignin pulps such as Mechanical wood pulp, to red with high Alpha cellulose pulps such as Cotton. "C" stain is a solution prepared from aluminum chloride, Calcium chloride, Zinc chloride, and Potassium iodide. "C" stain can be used as a spot test for the presence of lignin.
Synonyms and Related Terms
"C" Stain
Other Properties
When used for fiber analysis, "C" stain will create a vivid yellow color when used on pulps that are high in lignin. With decreasing amounts of lignin (increased cooking of pulp), the degree of yellow will decrease to greenish yellow or brown/yellow. Bleaching will result in a reddish tint that becomes more pronounced with increased bleaching. Pulps that are high in alpha cellulose and free from lignin will stain bright red. The red tones can be difficult to see in hardwood pulps. Some specific fibers can produce additional colors. "C" stain will permanently discolor fibers, but diagnostic colors are temporary and will darken with oxidation.
Additional Images
Softwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Softwood groundwood paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Softwood bleached sulfite paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Hardwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Hardwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Softwood kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Eucalyptus paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Flax paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Cotton paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Esparto paper pulp stained with Graff "C" Stain
Sources Checked for Data in Record
- J. H. Graff "Color Atlas for Fiber Identification" The Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, WI, 1940.
- Walter Rantanen. 'Fiber ID Course.' Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.
- TAPPI Official Standard T401 om-08. Fiber analysis of paper and paperboard. 2008. http://www.tappi.org/Downloads/Test-Methods/UNTITLED-0104T401pdf.aspx