Difference between revisions of "Gum arabic"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [ | + | A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [[Acacia]] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [[arabinose]], [[galactose]], [[rhamnose]], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [[borax]], [[ethyl alcohol|alcohol]], or [[sodium silicate]]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [[lampblack]]. |
[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg|thumb|Acacia tree]] | [[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg|thumb|Acacia tree]] | ||
| + | |||
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
| − | goma | + | goma arábiga (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum |
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- Gum Arabic.jpg~FTIR]]] | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- Gum Arabic.jpg~FTIR]]] | ||
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== Additional Information == | == Additional Information == | ||
| − | R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494. | + | ° R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494. |
== Additional Images == | == Additional Images == | ||
| Line 44: | Line 45: | ||
| − | == | + | == Sources Checked for Data in Record == |
* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" | * ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" | ||
| − | * | + | * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 |
| − | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from | + | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. |
* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005) | * Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005) | ||
| − | * | + | * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 |
| − | * | + | * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) |
| − | * | + | * Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 |
| − | * | + | * M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934 |
| − | * | + | * Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983 |
| − | * | + | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 |
| − | * | + | * Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989 |
| − | * | + | * John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994 |
| − | * | + | * Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = solid=1.476; 10% solution = 1.334 |
| − | * | + | * I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter |
| − | * | + | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 |
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 | * ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 | ||
| Line 80: | Line 81: | ||
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 | * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000 | ||
| − | * | + | * Website address 1 Comment: "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html |
* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4; ref. index=1.480 | * ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4; ref. index=1.480 | ||
Revision as of 06:02, 1 May 2016
Description
A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of Acacia trees, especially Acacia senegal and Acacia arabica, found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains Arabinose, Galactose, Rhamnose, and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, Borax, alcohol, or Sodium silicate. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and Lampblack.
Synonyms and Related Terms
goma arábiga (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum
Other Properties
Soluble in hot and cold water, glycerol and propylene glycol. Insoluble in ethanol and hydrocarbon solvents. Very little autofluorescence. Produces no color in iodine.
| CAS | 9000-01-5 |
|---|---|
| Density | 1.35-1.49 |
| Refractive Index | 1.476 (solid) |
Hazards and Safety
Skin contact and inhalation may cause allergic reactions. Nonflammable.
Mallinckrodt Baker: MSDS
Additional Information
° R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.
Additional Images
Pieces of gum arabic
Sources Checked for Data in Record
- Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies, Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"
- Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)
- R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
- Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
- Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
- M. Doerner, The Materials of the Artist, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934
- Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
- John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
- Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = solid=1.476; 10% solution = 1.334
- I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
- Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
- Website address 1 Comment: "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4; ref. index=1.480