Difference between revisions of "Lead carbonate, basic"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | A white amorphous powder that was the primary white pigment ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead | + | A white amorphous powder that was the primary white pigment ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead%20white lead white]) for oil paint and ceramic glazes from ancient times until the 20th century. Basic lead carbonate is rarely found as the natural mineral, hydrocerussite. Instead it has been made since early times by placing [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead lead] plates in the presence of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=acetic%20acid acetic acid] (vinegar) fumes. This produces [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead%20acetate lead acetate] which then absorbs [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=carbon%20dioxide carbon dioxide] from the atmosphere (or another source) and converts to basic lead carbonate. Lead white is a dense, opaque pigment that was mainly used in [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=drying%20oil drying oils] where it acts as a [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=drier siccative]. It has also been found in [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=egg%20tempera egg tempera], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glue%20tempera glue tempera], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=gum%20tempera gum tempera], but it was not considered suitable for buon fresco techniques. Although basic lead carbonate has been replaced as primary paint pigment by [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc%20white zinc white] and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=titanium%20white titanium white], it can still be found in some exterior paints and ceramic glazes. In the United States, its use in interior paints has been restricted since the 1950s and prohibited since 1978. |
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Leadwhite C100x.jpg|thumb|Lead white]] |
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
basic lead carbonate; basic white lead; lead subcarbonate; lead white; hydrocerussite; lead flake; flake white; Cremnitz white; white lead; Krems white; silver white; Dutch white lead; French white; Vienna white; Flemish white; London white; Roman white; Pigment White 1; blanc de plomb (Fr.); Bleiweiss (Deut.); bianco di piombo (It.); plomo blanco (Esp.) | basic lead carbonate; basic white lead; lead subcarbonate; lead white; hydrocerussite; lead flake; flake white; Cremnitz white; white lead; Krems white; silver white; Dutch white lead; French white; Vienna white; Flemish white; London white; Roman white; Pigment White 1; blanc de plomb (Fr.); Bleiweiss (Deut.); bianco di piombo (It.); plomo blanco (Esp.) | ||
| − | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|LeadwhitUCL.jpg~Raman|leadwhite632.jpg~Raman|PIG523.jpg~XRD|f523sem.jpg~SEM|f523edsbw.jpg~EDS|lead carbonate, basic.jpg~Chemical structure]]] | + | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|LeadwhitUCL.jpg~Raman|leadwhite632.jpg~Raman|Leadwhitec1925.jpg~FTIR|Leadwhitec1925.jpg~FTIR|PIG523.jpg~XRD|f523sem.jpg~SEM|f523edsbw.jpg~EDS|lead carbonate, basic.jpg~Chemical structure]]] |
== Other Properties == | == Other Properties == | ||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
== Additional Information == | == Additional Information == | ||
| − | R.J.Gettens, H. Kuhn, and W.T. Chase, "Lead White", ''Artists' Pigments'', Volume 2, A. Roy (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1993. | + | ° R.J.Gettens, H. Kuhn, and W.T. Chase, "Lead White", ''Artists' Pigments'', Volume 2, A. Roy (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1993. |
== Comparisons == | == Comparisons == | ||
| Line 58: | Line 58: | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
| − | |||
File:4_White_lead_500X.jpg|Lead white | File:4_White_lead_500X.jpg|Lead white | ||
File:4_White_lead_500X_pol.jpg|Lead white | File:4_White_lead_500X_pol.jpg|Lead white | ||
| − | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| Line 67: | Line 65: | ||
== Authority == | == Authority == | ||
| − | * | + | * Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: Vol. 2, page 303 |
| − | * | + | * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 |
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 | * ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 | ||
| − | * | + | * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 6.70 and ref.index.= 1.94;2.09 |
| − | * | + | * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) |
* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996 | ||
| Line 81: | Line 79: | ||
* ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', Ashok Roy (ed.), National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, Vol. 2, 1993 Comment: R.J.Gettens, H. Kuhn, and W.T. Chase, "Lead White", ref. index = 1.94; 2.09 | * ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', Ashok Roy (ed.), National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, Vol. 2, 1993 Comment: R.J.Gettens, H. Kuhn, and W.T. Chase, "Lead White", ref. index = 1.94; 2.09 | ||
| − | * | + | * Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983 |
| − | * | + | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 |
| − | * | + | * R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982 |
| − | * | + | * Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = 1.94; 2.09 |
| − | * | + | * Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985 |
| − | * | + | * Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989 |
* MSDS Sheet Comment: Baker MSDS Spec gravity = 6.14 | * MSDS Sheet Comment: Baker MSDS Spec gravity = 6.14 | ||
| − | * | + | * Website address 1 Comment: Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/leadwhite.html refractive index: Uniaxial (-), e = 1.94, w = 2.09 |
[[Category:Materials database]] | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Revision as of 07:24, 24 July 2013
Description
A white amorphous powder that was the primary white pigment (lead white) for oil paint and ceramic glazes from ancient times until the 20th century. Basic lead carbonate is rarely found as the natural mineral, hydrocerussite. Instead it has been made since early times by placing lead plates in the presence of acetic acid (vinegar) fumes. This produces lead acetate which then absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or another source) and converts to basic lead carbonate. Lead white is a dense, opaque pigment that was mainly used in drying oils where it acts as a siccative. It has also been found in egg tempera, glue tempera, and gum tempera, but it was not considered suitable for buon fresco techniques. Although basic lead carbonate has been replaced as primary paint pigment by zinc white and titanium white, it can still be found in some exterior paints and ceramic glazes. In the United States, its use in interior paints has been restricted since the 1950s and prohibited since 1978.
Synonyms and Related Terms
basic lead carbonate; basic white lead; lead subcarbonate; lead white; hydrocerussite; lead flake; flake white; Cremnitz white; white lead; Krems white; silver white; Dutch white lead; French white; Vienna white; Flemish white; London white; Roman white; Pigment White 1; blanc de plomb (Fr.); Bleiweiss (Deut.); bianco di piombo (It.); plomo blanco (Esp.)
Other Properties
Soluble in acids. Insoluble in water and ethanol. Fluoresces reddish purple. Pigment has fine, fairly uniform, rounded tabular particles.
High birefringence under cross polars with 3rd or 4th order interference colors. Complete extinction for single particles, aggregates appear to twinkle
| Composition | 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 |
|---|---|
| CAS | 1319-46-6 |
| Density | 6.70-6.86 |
| Molecular Weight | mol. wt. = 775.62 |
| Refractive Index | e=1.94; w=2.09 |
Hazards and Safety
Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers.
Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
Darkens in the presence of sulfur fumes. Susceptible to biological deterioration.
Mallinckrodt Baker: MSDS
Additional Information
° R.J.Gettens, H. Kuhn, and W.T. Chase, "Lead White", Artists' Pigments, Volume 2, A. Roy (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1993.
Comparisons
Characteristics of Common White Pigments
Additional Images
Lead white
Lead white
Authority
- Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: Vol. 2, page 303
- Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
- The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
- R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 6.70 and ref.index.= 1.94;2.09
- Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Ashok Roy (ed.), National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, Vol. 2, 1993 Comment: R.J.Gettens, H. Kuhn, and W.T. Chase, "Lead White", ref. index = 1.94; 2.09
- Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
- Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = 1.94; 2.09
- Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
- Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
- MSDS Sheet Comment: Baker MSDS Spec gravity = 6.14
- Website address 1 Comment: Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/leadwhite.html refractive index: Uniaxial (-), e = 1.94, w = 2.09