Difference between revisions of "Oak"
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Common hardwood trees of the family Fagaceae and genus ''Quercus'' that are widespread throughout the northern temperate zones. Oaks produce a durable wood that has a distinctive coarse grain. Oak is used in cabinetry, flooring, paneling, musical instruments ship interiors and moldings. It was used for panel paintings in the Netherlands, England, Germany and northern France until the 18th century (Kuhn 1986). During the gothic period, oak was also used for sculptures in the northern parts of Germany, France and western Belgium (Kuhn, 1986), The thick bark from the cork oak tree (''Quercus suber'') is used for its buoyancy. Tannins and dyes can be extracted from the bark of oak trees. | Common hardwood trees of the family Fagaceae and genus ''Quercus'' that are widespread throughout the northern temperate zones. Oaks produce a durable wood that has a distinctive coarse grain. Oak is used in cabinetry, flooring, paneling, musical instruments ship interiors and moldings. It was used for panel paintings in the Netherlands, England, Germany and northern France until the 18th century (Kuhn 1986). During the gothic period, oak was also used for sculptures in the northern parts of Germany, France and western Belgium (Kuhn, 1986), The thick bark from the cork oak tree (''Quercus suber'') is used for its buoyancy. Tannins and dyes can be extracted from the bark of oak trees. | ||
| − | See also [ | + | See also [[black oak]], [[blue oak]], [[bog oak]], [[cork oak]], [[dyer's oak]], [[English oak]], [[live oak]], [[northern red oak]], [[pin oak]], [[red oak]], [[scarlet oak]], [[shingle oak]], [[Spanish oak]], [[white oak]]. |
[[File:64.127-E3177CR-d1.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 64.127]] | [[File:64.127-E3177CR-d1.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 64.127]] | ||
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''Quercus''; oake; eg (Dan.); Eichen (Deut.); roble (Esp.); chêne (Fr.); quercia (It.); eik (Ned., Nor.); carvalho roble (Port.); Ekar (Sven.) | ''Quercus''; oake; eg (Dan.); Eichen (Deut.); roble (Esp.); chêne (Fr.); quercia (It.); eik (Ned., Nor.); carvalho roble (Port.); Ekar (Sven.) | ||
| + | ==Other Properties== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 16: | Line 17: | ||
| 37-56 ppcf | | 37-56 ppcf | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Paper fiber type: hardwood, ring porous. Using transmitted light microscopy, pulp is identified by two sizes of vessels with profuse pitting. The smaller late wood vessels of [[red oak]] will stain darker than the early wood vessels, which can help distinguish pulp from [[white oak]]. Vasocentric tracheids are worm-like and heavily pitted. Perforations are simple. Tyloses are present in [[white oak]]. Appearance with [[Graff "C" stain]]: dark blue, but varies with bleaching. Average dimensions of fibers: length 1.47mm, 14-22μm wide. Common pulping method: [[kraft process|kraft]]. | ||
== Hazards and Safety == | == Hazards and Safety == | ||
| Line 23: | Line 26: | ||
== Additional Information == | == Additional Information == | ||
| − | H.Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986.Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:[http://www.woodanatomy.ch/ Wood anatomy of central European Species]: Pedunculate Oak,[http://www.woodanatomy.ch/species.php?code=QURO Quercus robur L.] | + | H.Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986. |
| + | |||
| + | Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:[http://www.woodanatomy.ch/ Wood anatomy of central European Species]: Pedunculate Oak,[http://www.woodanatomy.ch/species.php?code=QURO Quercus robur L.] | ||
== Additional Images == | == Additional Images == | ||
| Line 30: | Line 35: | ||
File:1979.268-SC71037.jpg|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 1979.268 | File:1979.268-SC71037.jpg|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 1979.268 | ||
File:oak tangential view.jpg|Oak | File:oak tangential view.jpg|Oak | ||
| + | Redoak vessels 10x.jpg|Red oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Redoak 40x.jpg|Red oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Whiteoak tyloses 10x.jpg|White oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
| + | Whiteoak 10x.jpg|White oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| − | + | == Authority (List of sources checked for information on this subject) == | |
| − | == Authority == | ||
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 555 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 555 | ||
| Line 55: | Line 63: | ||
* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=37-56 ppcf (0.60-0.90 g/cm3) | * ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=37-56 ppcf (0.60-0.90 g/cm3) | ||
| + | * Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. ''Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers'' (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995. | ||
| + | * Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture. | ||
[[Category:Materials database]] | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Revision as of 15:42, 11 February 2016
Description
Common hardwood trees of the family Fagaceae and genus Quercus that are widespread throughout the northern temperate zones. Oaks produce a durable wood that has a distinctive coarse grain. Oak is used in cabinetry, flooring, paneling, musical instruments ship interiors and moldings. It was used for panel paintings in the Netherlands, England, Germany and northern France until the 18th century (Kuhn 1986). During the gothic period, oak was also used for sculptures in the northern parts of Germany, France and western Belgium (Kuhn, 1986), The thick bark from the cork oak tree (Quercus suber) is used for its buoyancy. Tannins and dyes can be extracted from the bark of oak trees.
See also Black oak, Blue oak, Bog oak, Cork oak, Dyer's oak, English oak, Live oak, Northern red oak, Pin oak, Red oak, Scarlet oak, Shingle oak, Spanish oak, White oak.
Synonyms and Related Terms
Quercus; oake; eg (Dan.); Eichen (Deut.); roble (Esp.); chêne (Fr.); quercia (It.); eik (Ned., Nor.); carvalho roble (Port.); Ekar (Sven.)
Other Properties
| Density | 37-56 ppcf |
|---|
Paper fiber type: hardwood, ring porous. Using transmitted light microscopy, pulp is identified by two sizes of vessels with profuse pitting. The smaller late wood vessels of Red oak will stain darker than the early wood vessels, which can help distinguish pulp from White oak. Vasocentric tracheids are worm-like and heavily pitted. Perforations are simple. Tyloses are present in White oak. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: dark blue, but varies with bleaching. Average dimensions of fibers: length 1.47mm, 14-22μm wide. Common pulping method: kraft.
Hazards and Safety
Oak emits organic acids as it ages.
Additional Information
H.Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986.
Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Pedunculate Oak,Quercus robur L.
Additional Images
MFA Acc. #: 1979.268
Oak
Red oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Red oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
White oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
White oak paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain
Authority (List of sources checked for information on this subject)
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 555
- Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
- F. H. Titmuss, Commercial Timbers of the World, The Technical Press Ltd., London, 1965 Comment: 40-50 ppcf
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "oak" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed October 24, 2001]
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak (Accessed Oct. 8, 2005)
- R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
- Caring for your Collections, Arthur W Schulz (ed.), Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York, 1992
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=37-56 ppcf (0.60-0.90 g/cm3)
- Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995.
- Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.