Difference between revisions of "Orpiment"

Latest revision as of 12:56, 29 February 2024

Hokusai from series of Perspective Pictures
MFA# 11.17572 (yellow is orpiment)

Orpiment crystals

Description

Orpiment, powdered

A soft, yellow mineral composed of Arsenic trisulfide. Orpiment (As₂S₃), as well as its other two phases Realgar (α-As₂S₃) and Pararealgar (As₄S₄), have been used widely as pigments. They occur naturally in volcanic fumaroles, hydrothermal veins, and hot springs. Deposits are found in the Czech Republic, Romania (Copalnic), Germany (Andreas-Berg ), Switzerland (Valais), Turkey (Çölemerik), Macedonia, Japan and the United States (Utah, Nevada, Wyoming). Orpiment ranges in color from a bright lemon yellow to orange. It changes to the red crystalline form at 170C. Orpiment was used in many early civilizations at various times, such as Egypt, Syria, Persia, India, and China. It was used as a pigment in European painting from quite early times, including in the Roman period as well as in manuscript illumination and polychrome sculpture to the point that it became almost a standard material on the palette in Venice in the 16th-century. Elsewhere it occurs in Dutch 17th-century painting, particularly flowerpieces, and British and French 18th-century paintings. Its use continued almost up until the present day, though it is no longer commonly used due to its toxicity. Orpiment has good tinting strength but is not considered permanent as it reacts with copper pigments as well as some lead pigments to produce dark copper or lead sulfides. It is a poor drier for oil paints and has a sulfurous odor. It can be rather light sensitive, losing its color on prolonged exposure to light, particularly in aqueous media. Arsenic trisulfide was made synthetically in the 18th-century and sold as king's yellow. The synthetic variety was purer and less expensive.

orpiment

Synonyms and Related Terms

arsenic trisulfide; Pigment Yellow 39; CI 77085, 77086; orpiment (Eng., Fr., Gr., Ned.); Auripigment (Deut.); Rauschgelb (Deut.); Konigsgelb (Deut.); jaune royal (Fr.); oropimente (Esp.); orpimento (It.); ouropigmento (Port.); arsenous sulfide; king's yellow; arsenic yellow; auripigmentum; Chinese yellow; sunflower yellow

Risks

Turns black in contact with copper and lead containing pigments.
Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
Fisher Scientific: MSDS

Raman (MFA)

XRD

SEM

EDS

Chemical structure

XRF

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in acids and alkalis.
Decomposes slowly in water
Unstable when mixed with alkaline pigments such as in buon fresco or in combinations with lime white
Oxidizes to form translucent or white oxides of arsenic.
Both orpiment and realgar lose color on exposure to light
Luster = pearly to resinous. Streak = lemon-yellow.

In PPL, orpiment has a strong yellow color and exhibits very high relief. Crystals are coarse-grained (up to 70 microns reported) with perfect cleavage (Eastaugh describes as 'bladed crystals', and 'splinters'), and often a distinct 'cross-hatching' pattern is visible on larger particles. Some particles are fibrous, acicular and/or elongated, and earthy aggregates are also reported. In XPL, particles exhibit high birefringence with pink and green interference colors. Extinction is straight and acicular particles are length-fast. Synthetic orpiment can be differentiated from the naturally occurring mineral form due to its smaller particle size (reported as fine to medium). The synthetic form is also reported to be contaminated with arsenic (III) oxide.

Composition	As2S3
CAS	1303-33-9
Mohs Hardness	1.5 - 2.0
Melting Point	300 C
Density	3.43 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 246.04
Refractive Index	2.40; 3.02; 2.81

Additional Images

Orpiment, transmitted PPL 400x
Orpiment, transmitted XPL 400x
Orpiment, transmitted PPL 1000x
Orpiment, transmitted XPL 1000x
Orpiment found in painting, PPL 1000x
Orpiment found in painting, XPL 1000x
architectural yellow paint cross-section containing orpiment, reflected visible light, 400x.

Resources and Citations

Ruth Siddall, 'Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials' Minerals Vol 8, p. 201 (2018). Link
E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
Mineralogy Database: Orpiment
Carolin Rötter, ‘Auripigment’, Restauro, 6 2003, 408-413.
Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
Ashok Roy, Submitted information, November 2007
Helen Howard, Submitted information, November 2007
Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997 Comment: E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar"
R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984 Comment: Jap. name kio and sekio and stone yellow
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 69
Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "orpiment." Accessed 7 Apr. 2005 .
Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/orpiment.html
McCrone Atlas of Microscopic Particles, Orpiment - http://www.mccroneatlas.com
Wikipedia: Orpiment (accessed Aug.30 2005 and Aug. 2023)
Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[File:SC282225-pt.jpg|thumb|Hokusai from series of Perspective Pictures <br>MFA# 11.17572 (yellow is orpiment)]]
 [[File:orpimentdw.jpg|thumb|Orpiment crystals]]
 == Description ==
-A soft, yellow mineral composed of [[arsenic%20trisulfide|arsenic trisulfide]]. Orpiment occurs naturally in volcanic fumaroles, hydrothermal veins, hot springs, and as a decomposition product of [[realgar]]. Deposits are found in the Czech Republic, Romania (Copalnic), Germany (Andreas-Berg ), Switzerland (Valais), Turkey (Çölemerik), Macedonia, Japan and the United States (Utah, Nevada, Wyoming). Orpiment ranges in color from a bright lemon yellow to orange. It changes to the red crystalline form at 170C. Orpiment was used in many early civilizations at various times, such as Egypt, Syria, Persia, India, and China. It was used as a pigment in European painting from quite early times, including in manuscript illumination and polychrome sculpture, and became almost a standard material on the palette in Venice in the 16th-century.  Elsewhere it occurs in Dutch 17th-century painting, particularly flowerpieces, and British and French 18th-century paintings. Its use continued almost up until the present day, though it is no longer commonly used due to its toxicity. Orpiment has good tinting strength but is not considered permanent as it reacts with copper pigments as well as some lead pigments to produce dark copper or lead sulfides. It is a poor drier for oil paints and has a sulfurous odor. It can be rather light sensitive, losing its color on prolonged exposure to light, particularly in aqueous media.  Arsenic trisulfide was made synthetically in the 18th-century and sold as king's yellow. The synthetic variety was purer and less expensive.
 [[File:333334 orpiment_2up.jpg|thumb|Orpiment, powdered]]
+A soft, yellow mineral composed of [[arsenic%20trisulfide|arsenic trisulfide]]. Orpiment (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>), as well as its other two phases [[Realgar]] (α-As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) and [[pararealgar]] (As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>), have been used widely as pigments.  They occur naturally in volcanic fumaroles, hydrothermal veins, and hot springs. Deposits are found in the Czech Republic, Romania (Copalnic), Germany (Andreas-Berg ), Switzerland (Valais), Turkey (Çölemerik), Macedonia, Japan and the United States (Utah, Nevada, Wyoming). Orpiment ranges in color from a bright lemon yellow to orange. It changes to the red crystalline form at 170C. Orpiment was used in many early civilizations at various times, such as Egypt, Syria, Persia, India, and China. It was used as a pigment in European painting from quite early times, including in the Roman period as well as in manuscript illumination and polychrome sculpture to the point that it became almost a standard material on the palette in Venice in the 16th-century.  Elsewhere it occurs in Dutch 17th-century painting, particularly flowerpieces, and British and French 18th-century paintings. Its use continued almost up until the present day, though it is no longer commonly used due to its toxicity. Orpiment has good tinting strength but is not considered permanent as it reacts with copper pigments as well as some lead pigments to produce dark copper or lead sulfides. It is a poor drier for oil paints and has a sulfurous odor. It can be rather light sensitive, losing its color on prolonged exposure to light, particularly in aqueous media.  Arsenic trisulfide was made synthetically in the 18th-century and sold as king's yellow. The synthetic variety was purer and less expensive.
+[[File:orpiment C100x.jpg|thumb|orpiment]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 arsenic trisulfide; Pigment Yellow 39; CI  77085, 77086; orpiment (Eng., Fr., Gr., Ned.); Auripigment (Deut.); Rauschgelb (Deut.); Konigsgelb (Deut.); jaune royal (Fr.); oropimente (Esp.); orpimento (It.); ouropigmento (Port.); arsenous sulfide; king's yellow; arsenic yellow; auripigmentum; Chinese yellow; sunflower yellow
-[[[SliderGallery rightalign|OrpimentUCL.jpg~Raman|PIG334.jpg~XRD|f334sem.jpg~SEM|f334edsbw.jpg~EDS|orpiment.jpg~Chemical structure|Slide4 FC334.PNG~XRF]]]
+== Risks ==
-== Other Properties ==
-Decomposes slowly in water; soluble in acids and alkalis.
-Unstable when mixed with alkaline pigments such as in buon fresco or in combinations with lime white. Both orpiment and realgar lose color on exposure to light.  Orpiment oxidizes to form translucent or white oxides of arsenic.
-Monoclinic with poorly formed crystals.  The mineral variety  often shows fairly large crystalline tabular particle with striations and a waxy appearant. Cleavage is good in one direction.
+* Turns black in contact with copper and lead containing pigments.
+* Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
+* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/84980.htm MSDS]
+[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Orpiment (Forbes MFA 334), 50X, 532 nm resize.tif~Raman (MFA)|PIG334.jpg~XRD|f334sem.jpg~SEM|f334edsbw.jpg~EDS|orpiment.jpg~Chemical structure|Slide4 FC334.PNG~XRF]]]
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
+* Soluble in acids and alkalis.
+* Decomposes slowly in water
+* Unstable when mixed with alkaline pigments such as in buon fresco or in combinations with lime white
+* Oxidizes to form translucent or white oxides of arsenic.
+* Both orpiment and realgar lose color on exposure to light
+* Luster = pearly to resinous.  Streak = lemon-yellow.
-Luster = pearly to resinous.  Streak = lemon-yellow.
+In PPL, orpiment has a strong yellow color and exhibits very high relief. Crystals are coarse-grained (up to 70 microns reported) with perfect cleavage (Eastaugh describes as 'bladed crystals', and 'splinters'), and often a distinct 'cross-hatching' pattern is visible on larger particles. Some particles are fibrous, acicular and/or elongated, and earthy aggregates are also reported. In XPL, particles exhibit high birefringence with pink and green interference colors. Extinction is straight and acicular particles are length-fast. Synthetic orpiment can be differentiated from the naturally occurring mineral form due to its smaller particle size (reported as fine to medium). The synthetic form is also reported to be contaminated with arsenic (III) oxide.
-Pigment particles are strongly anisotropic.  The small, often elongated, yellow particles (4-20 microns) exhibit high birefringence and straight extinction.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 36: / Line 37: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 300
+| 300 C
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Density
-| 3.43
+| 3.43 g/ml
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
@@ Line 47: / Line 48: @@
 | 2.40; 3.02; 2.81
 |}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
-Turns black in contact with copper and lead containing pigments.
-Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
-Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/84980.htm MSDS]
-== Additional Information ==
-° E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
-° Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Orpiment.shtml Orpiment]
-° Carolin Rötter, ‘Auripigment’, Restauro, 6 2003, 408-413.
 == Additional Images ==
 <gallery>
-File:orpiment C100x.jpg|orpiment
 File:Orpiment PPL 400x.jpg|Orpiment, transmitted PPL 400x
 File:Orpiment XPL 400x.jpg|Orpiment, transmitted XPL 400x
+File:Orpiment PPL 1000x.jpg|Orpiment, transmitted PPL 1000x
+File:Orpiment XPL 1000x.jpg|Orpiment, transmitted XPL 1000x
+File:PLM yellow pigment redispersed PPL 1000x.JPG|Orpiment found in painting, PPL 1000x
+File:PLM yellow pigment redispersed XPL 1000x.JPG|Orpiment found in painting, XPL 1000x
+File:MK_WT62b yellow particle VIS 200x_arrow.jpg|architectural yellow paint cross-section containing orpiment, reflected visible light, 400x.
 </gallery>
+==Resources and Citations==
-== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
+* Ruth Siddall, 'Mineral Pigments in Archaeology: Their Analysis and the Range of Available Materials' ''Minerals'' Vol 8, p. 201 (2018). [https://www.academia.edu/36588315/Mineral_Pigments_in_Archaeology_Their_Analysis_and_the_Range_of_Available_Materials?email_work_card=view-paper Link]
+* E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
+* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Orpiment.shtml Orpiment]
+* Carolin Rötter, ‘Auripigment’, Restauro, 6 2003, 408-413.
 * Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
+* Ashok Roy, Submitted information, November 2007
-* External source or communication  Comment: Submitted information: Ashok Roy, November 2007
+* Helen Howard, Submitted information, November 2007
-* Submitted information: Helen Howard, November 2007
-* External source or communication  Comment: Submitted information: Ashok Roy, Helen Howard, November 2007
 * ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', Elisabeth West FitzHugh, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Vol. 3, 1997  Comment: E.West FitzHugh, "Orpiment and Realgar"
 * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
 * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 * R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
 * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
 * R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', ''Japanese Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984  Comment: Jap. name kio and sekio and stone yellow
 * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 69
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "orpiment." Accessed 7 Apr. 2005 .
-* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
+* Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/orpiment.html
+* McCrone Atlas of Microscopic Particles, Orpiment - http://www.mccroneatlas.com
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "orpiment." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service  7 Apr. 2005 .
+* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpiment Orpiment] (accessed Aug.30 2005 and Aug. 2023)
-* Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/orpiment.html
-* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_trisulfide (accessed Aug 30 2005)
 * Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
 * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
-* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
-* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 * Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
+* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.