View source for Pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum) LC


[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pagoda.png~pagoda tree flowers and buds/ photo by X. Zhang|Pagoda tree.JPG~pagoda tree/Photo by X. Zhang|]]]

== Description ==

The [[pagoda tree]] is medium sized tree, ''Styphnolobium japonicum''(=''Sophora japonica''), native to Japan, China and India that has been used to produce a yellow-green dye, [[waifa]] green, using an [[alum]] mordant with the flower extract then drying the cloth in the sun.

== Historical Importance ==

Pagoda tree buds, which have to be roasted or steamed immediately after collection, have been recorded in ancient Chinese books as a dye source for yellow for thousands of years. The dyeing process, using pagoda tree buds has been recorded in several ancient Chinese books, including Tian Gong Kai Wu 《天工开物》(Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century), Duo Neng Bi Shi 《多能鄙事》(Many Abilities in Humble Activities), Bu Jing 《布經》 and Zhiranju buce 《織染局簿冊》.


Pagoda tree bud dyes have been reported to be the dyeing source of some historical textiles dated back to the Qing 
Dynasty in China [2,3]. Pagoda tree buds have also been identified in 19th century suzanis collected in 
Uzbekistan [4].

Examples:

[http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/V%26A_T.184-1948,_Embroidery_on_gauze-banded_plain_weave_silk_robe,_China_(late_17th_century-18th_century) V&A V&A T.184-1948]

[http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/MAA_%D0%9A%D0%9F1276/3,_embroidered_suzani,_central_Asia_(19th_century) MAA КП1276/3]

[http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/V%26A_T.43-1952,_Embroidered_robe,_China_(1770-1820) V&A T. 43-1952]


[http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/PEM_E80968_Dragon_robe,_China_(19th_century) PEM E80968]

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

Japanese pagoda tree (''Sophora japonica''; ''Styphnolobium japonicum''); Chinese scholar tree, waifa; enjo エンジュ(Jap.)槐(Chinese).

[[File:Roasted pagoda tree buds.jpg |thumb|Roasted Pagoda tree buds. Photo by X. Zhang]]

== Summary of results ==

The major components of unheated pagoda tree buds are three flavonols and their glycosides, as shown in the chromatogram.  The major glycoside is rutin.  The buds contain an enzyme that converts rutin to its aglycone quercetin.  Heating freshly harvested buds inactivates the enzyme, with the result that dyes prepared from such buds will mainly contain rutin, with very little quercetin.  Historical textiles dyed with pagoda tree buds contain mainly rutin.


== Analytical instrumentation and procedures ==

HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was performed with an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a HP series 1100 DAD, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Separations were done on a Vydac 214TP52 analytical column (2.1 mm diameterX250 mm; 5-ím particle size). The column was eluted at a
flow rate of 0.2 mL/min with a tertiary gradient of water (A),acetonitrile (B), and 1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid (C) with the following elution program: 0 min, 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; 0-55 min, a linear gradient to 35% A, 60% B, 5% C; 55-60 min, a linear gradient elution to 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 60-62 min, isocratic elution at 15% A, 80% B, 5% C; 62-70 min gradient elution to 90% A, 5% B, 5% C; and reequilibration with the latter solvent for 15 min. The mass spectrometer was run both in the negative and positive ion mode.


== Chromatograms ==

HPLC-DAD of pagoda tree bud extract. The sample (~0.1g), from Tanakanao, Japan, was extracted with 1 mL of methanol:H2O (v:v=1:1). Then the upper 30 μL of solution was removed for HPLC-DAD-MS analysis (20 μL was injected).

[[File:Hplc-pagoda.JPG|center|frame|Absorbance at 350nm (mAU)]]


== Results ==

[[File:Result.JPG|center|frame|compounds identified]]

== Identified compounds ==

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Pagoda tree historial sample.PNG~HPLC-DAD and MS data of a Qing dynasty textile sample. by X. Zhang|Rutin.JPG~Rutin UV-Vis|QuercetinUV.JPG~Quercetin UV-Vis|IsoUV.JPG~Isorhamnetin UV-Vis|Kea.JPG~Kaempferol UV-Vis]]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Compound
! scope="col"| RT (min.)
! scope="col"| MW
! scope="col"| UV/vis
! scope="col"| Other
|-
| rutin
| 27.0
| 610
| 278,352
| Comments here
|-
| quercetin
| 34.6
| 302
| 280,395,370
|
|-
| kaempferol
| 39.0
| 286
| 280,395,368
|
|-
| isorhamnetin
| 39.0
| 316
| 280,395,368
|
|}

== References ==

[1] X. Zhang, and , R. Laursen, Development of Mild Extraction Methods for the Analysis of Natural Dyes in Textiles of Historical Interest Using LC-Diode Array Detector-MS. Analytical Chemistry 77, 2022-2025 (2005).

[2] X. Zhang, Corrigan, K., MacLaren, B., , M., and , R. A. Laursen, Characterization of Yellow Dyes in Nineteenth Century Chinese Textiles. Studies in Conservation 52, 211-220 (2007).

[3] J. Han, The Historical and chemical investigation of dyes in high status Chinese costume and textiles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1911), PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, February 2016.

[4] X. Zhang, R. Laursen, and S. Osipova, Analysis of dyes in some 19th-century Uzbek suzanis. Dyes in History and Archaeology (in press). 

[[Category:Dye Analysis]]
[[Category:Reference Materials]]
[[Category:Natural Dyes]]