Difference between revisions of "Silver"

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[[File:35.1775-C42623CR-d1.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 35.1775]]
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[[File:35.1775-C42623CR-d1.jpg|thumb|Paul Revere teapot<br>MFA Acc. #: 35.1775]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
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[[File:63.93-SC33562.jpg|thumb|Coin of Tarsus<br>MFA Acc. #: 63.93]]
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A soft, white, ductile metallic element. Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs rarely as metallic silver (Peru, Norway) but more often as silver-gold alloys ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=electrum electrum]) and silver ore ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galena galena], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cerargyrite cerargyrite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=pyrargyrite pyrargyrite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=argentite argentite]). Today silver is obtained as a byproduct in the refinement of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=gold gold], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead lead], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=copper copper], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc zinc] ores. The largest current producers of silver are : Peru, Mexico, China, Australia, Russia, Bolivia, Chile, United States, Poland, Kazakhstan. Silver was smelted from galena as early as 3800 BCE. Another early method for refining gold or silver was called cupellation by which the ore was placed in a small cup then exposed to high heat in air; the base metals oxidized while the precious metals melted and were poured off. As a pure metal, silver is second to gold in malleability and ductility. It can be polished to a highly reflective surface. Since pure silver is too soft for many decorative items it is most often prepared as an alloy - [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sterling%20silver sterling silver] (925 parts silver and 75 parts copper). Alloys containing less that 90% silver cannot be stamped as silver. Silver is used for jewelry, coinage, photography, mirrors, electrical contacts, and tableware.
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A soft, white, ductile metallic element. Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs rarely as metallic silver (Peru, Norway) but more often as silver-gold alloys ([[electrum]]) and silver ore ([[galena]], cerargyrite, pyrargyrite, [[argentite]]). Today silver is obtained as a byproduct in the refinement of [[gold]], [[lead]], [[copper]], or [[zinc]] ores. The largest current producers of silver are : Peru, Mexico, China, Australia, Russia, Bolivia, Chile, United States, Poland, Kazakhstan. Silver was smelted from galena as early as 3800 BCE. Another early method for refining gold or silver was called cupellation by which the ore was placed in a small cup then exposed to high heat in air; the base metals oxidized while the precious metals melted and were poured off. As a pure metal, silver is second to gold in malleability and ductility. It can be polished to a highly reflective surface. Since pure silver is too soft for many decorative items it is most often prepared as an alloy - [[sterling silver]] (925 parts silver and 75 parts copper). Alloys containing less that 90% silver cannot be stamped as silver. Silver is used for jewelry, coinage, photography, mirrors, electrical contacts, and tableware.
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[[File:Silvermetalemr1.jpg|thumb|Native metallic silver]]
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[[File:63.93-SC33562.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 63.93]]
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[[File:SilverOreemr1.jpg|thumb|Silver ore]]
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
 
Ag; argentum (Lat.); Zilver (Ned.); argent (Fr.); Silber (Deut.); argento (It.); prata (Port.); plata (Esp.)
 
Ag; argentum (Lat.); Zilver (Ned.); argent (Fr.); Silber (Deut.); argento (It.); prata (Port.); plata (Esp.)
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== Risks ==
  
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== Other Properties ==
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* Inhalation of vapors is toxic.
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* Noncombustible. 
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* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/20770.htm MSDS]
  
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Soluble in nitric acid, hot sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide solutions. Insoluble in water, alkalis.  Attacked by sulfur compounds.   
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
  
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Isometric crystal system.  Malleable and ductile.  Streak = silver white.  Luster = metallic.  Tarnish = black, yellow, brown.   
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* Soluble in nitric acid, hot sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide solutions. Insoluble in water, alkalis. 
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* Attacked by sulfur compounds.   
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[http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Potassium%20dichromate Potassium dichromate] may be used for the colorimetric detection of silver in objects.  It reacts with silver to form bright red silver chromate crystals.
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* Isometric crystal system.   
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* Malleable and ductile.   
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* Streak = silver white.   
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* Luster = metallic.   
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* Tarnish = black, yellow, brown.   
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* [[Potassium%20dichromate|Potassium dichromate]] may be used for the colorimetric detection of silver in objects.  It reacts with silver to form bright red silver chromate crystals.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
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| 960.5
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| 960.5 C
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 10.53
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| 10.53 g/ml
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Boiling Point
 
! scope="row"| Boiling Point
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| 2212
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| 2212 C
 
|}
 
|}
  
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[[File:Silvermetalemr1.jpg|thumb|Native metallic silver]]
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==Resources and Citations==
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== Hazards and Safety ==
 
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Inhalation of vapors is toxic. Noncombustible. 
 
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Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/20770.htm MSDS]
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
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° O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968. ° Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Silver.shtml Silver] ° Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ag/key.html Website]
 
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== Additional Images ==
 
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<gallery>
 
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File:SilverOreemr1.jpg|Silver ore
 
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</gallery>
 
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== Authority ==
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* O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.
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* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Silver.shtml Silver]
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* Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ag/key.html Website]
  
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 723
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 723
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: silver" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 11, 2001].
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: silver" [Accessed December 11, 2001].
  
 
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
 
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979

Latest revision as of 10:22, 31 May 2022

Paul Revere teapot
MFA Acc. #: 35.1775

Description

Coin of Tarsus
MFA Acc. #: 63.93

A soft, white, ductile metallic element. Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs rarely as metallic silver (Peru, Norway) but more often as silver-gold alloys (Electrum) and silver ore (Galena, cerargyrite, pyrargyrite, Argentite). Today silver is obtained as a byproduct in the refinement of Gold, Lead, Copper, or Zinc ores. The largest current producers of silver are : Peru, Mexico, China, Australia, Russia, Bolivia, Chile, United States, Poland, Kazakhstan. Silver was smelted from galena as early as 3800 BCE. Another early method for refining gold or silver was called cupellation by which the ore was placed in a small cup then exposed to high heat in air; the base metals oxidized while the precious metals melted and were poured off. As a pure metal, silver is second to gold in malleability and ductility. It can be polished to a highly reflective surface. Since pure silver is too soft for many decorative items it is most often prepared as an alloy - Sterling silver (925 parts silver and 75 parts copper). Alloys containing less that 90% silver cannot be stamped as silver. Silver is used for jewelry, coinage, photography, mirrors, electrical contacts, and tableware.

Native metallic silver
Silver ore

Synonyms and Related Terms

Ag; argentum (Lat.); Zilver (Ned.); argent (Fr.); Silber (Deut.); argento (It.); prata (Port.); plata (Esp.)

Risks

  • Inhalation of vapors is toxic.
  • Noncombustible.
  • Fisher Scientific: MSDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Soluble in nitric acid, hot sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide solutions. Insoluble in water, alkalis.
  • Attacked by sulfur compounds.
  • Isometric crystal system.
  • Malleable and ductile.
  • Streak = silver white.
  • Luster = metallic.
  • Tarnish = black, yellow, brown.
  • Potassium dichromate may be used for the colorimetric detection of silver in objects. It reacts with silver to form bright red silver chromate crystals.
Composition Ag (atomic no. 47)
CAS 7440-22-4
Mohs Hardness 2.5 - 3.0
Melting Point 960.5 C
Density 10.53 g/ml
Molecular Weight atomic wt = 107.868
Boiling Point 2212 C

Resources and Citations

  • O. Untracht, Metal Techniques for Craftsmen, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.
  • Mineralogy Database: Silver
  • Web Elements: Website
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 723
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  • The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8647
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
  • David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
  • Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
  • Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
  • Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
  • A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962

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