Difference between revisions of "Tin"

Latest revision as of 14:51, 8 June 2022

Tin can brooch
MFA Acc. #: 2006.142

Description

Pateruva
MFA Acc. #: 17.2173

A soft, white metallic element. Tin occurs naturally as Cassiterite, a tin oxide mineral. It has an abundance of 6 ppm in the earth's crust. The major producers are : China, Indonesia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Congo (Kinshasa), Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia, Russia. Tin was produced for centuries in Cornwall by the Romans. It was (and still is) used as an ingredient in Bronze casting alloys. Pewter is a tin (90%) alloy with Copper and Antimony. Tin alloyed with lead (75-90%) is called leaded tin. Both pure tin (also called bright tin and Tinplate) and leaded tin were used in the U.S. in the 18th century as Iron coatings in architectural construction (roofing pans, flashings, gutters) and for decorative items (trays, utensils, kitchenware, candlesticks, and boxes). From the 19th century, tin was used for cast toys and as a plating for iron toys. Tin quickly forms a passive oxide layer that resists pollutants and corrosion. However, any breaks or pits in the tin layer can cause severe deterioration due to galvanic action between the tin and iron.

Tin ore

Synonyms and Related Terms

Sn; stannum; étain (Fr.); Zinn (Deut.); stagno (It.); estanho (Port.); estaño (Esp.); tin (Ned.); Tenn (Sven.); straits tin (from Malaysia); tin flake; tin metal; tole

Risks

Tin crumbles to dust at temperatures below 18 C (tin pest).
Inorganic tin compounds can cause skin irritation.
Organic tin compounds are toxic causing headaches, nausea, pain.
ThermoFisher: SDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

Resistant to organic acids. Insoluble in water. Dissolves slowly in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids.

Cacotheline nitrate may be used for the colorimetric detection of tin in objects. Cacotheline reacts with tin to produce a dark purple residue.

Composition	Sn (atomic no. 50)
CAS	7440-31-5
Melting Point	231.9 C
Density	7.2984 g/ml
Molecular Weight	atomic wt = 118.710
Boiling Point	2206-2507 C

Resources and Citations

O. Untracht, Metal Techniques for Craftsmen, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.

J.Waite, "Architectural Metals: Their Deterioration and Stabilization" in Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice, S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 213.

Web Elements: Website

Ancient Trade Routes: Website

Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 9587

G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 809

Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996

Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Glyn E. Daniel, ed., Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1977

David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991

Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981

Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982

A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:2006.142-SC177516.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 2006.142]]
+[[File:2006.142-SC177516.jpg|thumb|Tin can brooch<br>MFA Acc. #: 2006.142]]
 == Description ==
+[[File:17.2173-SC24635.jpg|thumb|Pateruva<br>MFA Acc. #: 17.2173]]
+A soft, white metallic element. Tin occurs naturally as [[cassiterite]], a tin oxide mineral. It has an abundance of 6 ppm in the earth's crust. The major producers are : China, Indonesia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Congo (Kinshasa), Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia, Russia. Tin was produced for centuries in Cornwall by the Romans. It was (and still is) used as an ingredient in [[bronze]] casting alloys. [[Pewter]] is a tin (90%) alloy with [[copper]] and [[antimony]]. Tin alloyed with lead (75-90%) is called leaded tin. Both pure tin (also called bright tin and [[tinplate]]) and leaded tin were used in the U.S. in the 18th century as [[iron]] coatings in architectural construction (roofing pans, flashings, gutters) and for decorative items (trays, utensils, kitchenware, candlesticks, and boxes). From the 19th century, tin was used for cast toys and as a plating for iron toys. Tin quickly forms a passive oxide layer that resists pollutants and corrosion. However, any breaks or pits in the tin layer can cause severe deterioration due to galvanic action between the tin and iron.
-A soft, white metallic element. Tin occurs naturally as cassiterite, a tin oxide mineral. It has an abundance of 6 ppm in the earth's crust. The major producers are : China, Indonesia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Congo (Kinshasa), Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia, Russia. Tin was produced for centuries in Cornwall by the Romans. It was (and still is) used as an ingredient in [[bronze]] casting alloys. [[Pewter]] is a tin (90%) alloy with [[copper]] and [[antimony]]. Tin alloyed with lead (75-90%) is called leaded tin. Both pure tin (also called bright tin and [[tinplate]]) and leaded tin were used in the U.S. in the 18th century as [[iron]] coatings in architectural construction (roofing pans, flashings, gutters) and for decorative items (trays, utensils, kitchenware, candlesticks, and boxes). From the 19th century, tin was used for cast toys and as a plating for iron toys. Tin quickly forms a passive oxide layer that resists pollutants and corrosion. However, any breaks or pits in the tin layer can cause severe deterioration due to galvanic action between the tin and iron.
+[[File:tinoreemr1.jpg|thumb|Tin ore]]
-[[File:17.2173-SC24635.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 17.2173]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 Sn; stannum; étain (Fr.); Zinn (Deut.); stagno (It.); estanho (Port.); estaño (Esp.); tin (Ned.); Tenn (Sven.); straits tin (from Malaysia); tin flake; tin metal; tole
+== Risks ==
-== Other Properties ==
+* Tin crumbles to dust at temperatures below 18 C (tin pest).
+* Inorganic tin compounds can cause skin irritation.
+* Organic tin compounds are toxic causing headaches, nausea, pain.
+* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/msds?productName=AC223681000 SDS]
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
 Resistant to organic acids.  Insoluble in water. Dissolves slowly in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids.
@@ Line 25: / Line 30: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 231.9
+| 231.9 C
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Density
-| 7.2984
+| 7.2984 g/ml
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
@@ Line 34: / Line 39: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Boiling Point
-| 2206-2507
+| 2206-2507 C
 |}
-[[File:tinoreemr1.jpg|thumb|Tin ore]]
+== Resources and Citations ==
-== Hazards and Safety ==
-Tin crumbles to dust at temperatures below 18 C (tin pest). Inorganic tin compounds can cause skin irritation. Organic tin compounds are toxic causing headaches, nausea, pain.
-Mallinckrodt Baker: [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/t3445.htm MSDS]
-== Additional Information ==
-° O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.
-° J.Waite, "Architectural Metals: Their Deterioration and Stabilization" in ''Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice'', S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 213.
+* O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968.
-° Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Sn/key.html Website]
+* J.Waite, "Architectural Metals: Their Deterioration and Stabilization" in ''Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practice'', S.Timmons (ed.), Preservation Press, Washington DC, 1976, p. 213.
-° Ancient Trade Routes: [http://www.ancientroute.com/resource/metal/tin.htm Website]
+* Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Sn/key.html Website]
-== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
+* Ancient Trade Routes: [http://www.ancientroute.com/resource/metal/tin.htm Website]
 * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993