CAMEO - User contributions [en]

Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:32:03Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC169506.jpg|right|300px|link=Kuniyoshi, The Ninth Hour: Noon; Woman Playing with Cat, Fishmonger and Dog, from the series Sundial of Modern Tradesmen, 11.15955|The Ninth Hour... by Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]

'''[[Madder]]''' 茜 (''akane''): A water-soluble red dye extracted from the roots of any of several species of the genus ''Rubia''. Among the frequently used plants are ''Rubia tinctorum L.'' (native to the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean and known as European madder), ''Rubia cordifolia L.'' (native to large areas of Africa and Asia and known as Indian madder) and ''Rubia akane'', also known as ''R. argyi'' (native to East Asia). It is currently unknown which species was used for ''ukiyo-e'' prints.

Similar to [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]], madder can range from pink to a deep red. Madder and safflower are the most commonly found reds before the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860s. Safflower and madder are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower, which was known to be expensive. By the mid-1800s, madder can be seen mixed with [[:Category:Vermilion: Ukiyo-e colorant|vermilion]] or [[:Category:Iron_Oxide_Red: Ukiyo-e_colorant|iron oxide red]], most often seen in the cartouches. The pink color of madder also appears opaque when compared to the ethereal pink of safflower. The opacity of pink madder may indicate that the colorant may have been laked onto a mineral white, such as calcium carbonate during its formulation.

Although not traditionally listed as a printing colorant thought to have been used for ''ukiyo-e'' prints, madder has been detected extensively in our analysis. See Interpretation below.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Madder]], [[Madder (Rubia tinctorum) LC]], [[Madder (Indian madder, Rubia cordifolia) LC]], [[Madder (Rubia akane) LC]], Uemura Dye Archive: Japanese madder [[Nihon san no akane (Japanese madder) - right (293 R)|293]], [[Akane (Madder) - top (230 T)|230]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765369-1 ''Rubia tinctorum'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765218-1 ''Rubia cordifolia'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765187-1 ''Rubia argyi'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Madder in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13297-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13297 EEM Mar 5 2014.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297|Pt 6: Hand colored Torii Kiyomasu II, 11.13297]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19089-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyohiro, The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune, 11.19089]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19089-Pt2.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyohiro, The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune, 11.19089|Pt 2: Printed Torii Kiyohiro, 11.19089]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19633-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19633-Pt5-front.jpg|200px]] [[File:1119633-Pt5-back.jpg|200px]] [[Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633|Pt 5: Printed front (top) and back (bottom) Suzuki Harunobu, 11.19633]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13880-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13880-pt2-EEM.png|208px|]] [[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|Pt 2: Printed Torii Kiyonaga, 11.13880]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14267-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14267-Pt4-front.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267|Pt 4: Printed Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14267]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]], madder, and [[:Category:Sappanwood: Ukiyo-e colorant|sappanwood]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
Red EEM plots.jpg|<center>3D EEM plots for Red references</center>
Red EmEx curves.jpg|<center>Overlay of EEM curves for Red references</center>
FORS of reds.jpg|<center>Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references</center>
Madder_emission1.jpg|<center>Overlay of Emission curves for Madder</center>
Madder_excitation1.jpg|<center>Overlay of Excitation curves for Madder</center>
Red UVVis images.jpg|<center>Visible light and UVA for Red references</center>
</gallery>

==Interpretation==
* Madder fluoresces brightly under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM pattern that helps differentiate it from safflower, which also fluoresces.
* The 3D EEM spectrum of madder appears as a tall oval (or flatten circle) shape in the orange-red region with an excitation max of 560 nm and an emission max about 580-590 nm.
* Additionally, the 3D EEM spectrum for madder exhibits a vertical 'tail' from along its emission line.

==Images of Madder ==
<gallery>
rubiatintoriaPD1.jpg|''Rubia tinctorum'' L.
1440px-Rubia_cordifolia_05.jpg|''Rubia cordifolia'', by Vinayaraj
File:Rubia argyi.jpg|''Rubia argyi''
madder_root_1.jpg|Madder root
02 akane_madder.jpg|Madder, ''akane''
File:Japanese madder-akane.jpg|Madder (''Rubia argyi''), ''akane''
madder_powder_2.jpg|Madder powder (''Rubia tinctorum'')
34732496 madder 4up.jpg|Madder lakes
04_Madder comp.jpg|Dye mixtures from madder on paper
10402385.jpg|Madder (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11175
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where madder was detected.

Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:30:17Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC169506.jpg|right|300px|link=Kuniyoshi, The Ninth Hour: Noon; Woman Playing with Cat, Fishmonger and Dog, from the series Sundial of Modern Tradesmen, 11.15955|The Ninth Hour... by Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]

'''[[Madder]]''' 茜 (''akane''): A water-soluble red dye extracted from the roots of any of several species of the genus ''Rubia''. Among the frequently used plants are ''Rubia tinctorum L.'' (native to the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean and known as European madder), ''Rubia cordifolia L.'' (native to large areas of Africa and Asia and known as Indian madder) and ''Rubia akane'', also known as ''R. argyi'' (native to East Asia). It is currently unknown which species was used for ''ukiyo-e'' prints.

Similar to [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]], madder can range from pink to a deep red. Madder and safflower are the most commonly found reds before the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860s. Safflower and madder are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower, which was known to be expensive. By the mid-1800s, madder can be seen mixed with [[Category:Vermilion:_Ukiyo-e_colorant|vermilion]] or [[Category:Iron_Oxide_Red:_Ukiyo-e_colorant|iron oxide red]], most often seen in the cartouches. The pink color of madder also appears opaque when compared to the ethereal pink of safflower. The opacity of pink madder may indicate that the colorant may have been laked onto a mineral white, such as calcium carbonate during its formulation.

Although not traditionally listed as a printing colorant thought to have been used for ''ukiyo-e'' prints, madder has been detected extensively in our analysis. See Interpretation below.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Madder]], [[Madder (Rubia tinctorum) LC]], [[Madder (Indian madder, Rubia cordifolia) LC]], [[Madder (Rubia akane) LC]], Uemura Dye Archive: Japanese madder [[Nihon san no akane (Japanese madder) - right (293 R)|293]], [[Akane (Madder) - top (230 T)|230]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765369-1 ''Rubia tinctorum'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765218-1 ''Rubia cordifolia'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765187-1 ''Rubia argyi'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Madder in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13297-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13297 EEM Mar 5 2014.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297|Pt 6: Hand colored Torii Kiyomasu II, 11.13297]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19089-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyohiro, The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune, 11.19089]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19089-Pt2.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyohiro, The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune, 11.19089|Pt 2: Printed Torii Kiyohiro, 11.19089]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19633-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19633-Pt5-front.jpg|200px]] [[File:1119633-Pt5-back.jpg|200px]] [[Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633|Pt 5: Printed front (top) and back (bottom) Suzuki Harunobu, 11.19633]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13880-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13880-pt2-EEM.png|208px|]] [[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|Pt 2: Printed Torii Kiyonaga, 11.13880]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14267-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14267-Pt4-front.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267|Pt 4: Printed Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14267]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]], madder, and [[:Category:Sappanwood: Ukiyo-e colorant|sappanwood]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
Red EEM plots.jpg|<center>3D EEM plots for Red references</center>
Red EmEx curves.jpg|<center>Overlay of EEM curves for Red references</center>
FORS of reds.jpg|<center>Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references</center>
Madder_emission1.jpg|<center>Overlay of Emission curves for Madder</center>
Madder_excitation1.jpg|<center>Overlay of Excitation curves for Madder</center>
Red UVVis images.jpg|<center>Visible light and UVA for Red references</center>
</gallery>

==Interpretation==
* Madder fluoresces brightly under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM pattern that helps differentiate it from safflower, which also fluoresces.
* The 3D EEM spectrum of madder appears as a tall oval (or flatten circle) shape in the orange-red region with an excitation max of 560 nm and an emission max about 580-590 nm.
* Additionally, the 3D EEM spectrum for madder exhibits a vertical 'tail' from along its emission line.

==Images of Madder ==
<gallery>
rubiatintoriaPD1.jpg|''Rubia tinctorum'' L.
1440px-Rubia_cordifolia_05.jpg|''Rubia cordifolia'', by Vinayaraj
File:Rubia argyi.jpg|''Rubia argyi''
madder_root_1.jpg|Madder root
02 akane_madder.jpg|Madder, ''akane''
File:Japanese madder-akane.jpg|Madder (''Rubia argyi''), ''akane''
madder_powder_2.jpg|Madder powder (''Rubia tinctorum'')
34732496 madder 4up.jpg|Madder lakes
04_Madder comp.jpg|Dye mixtures from madder on paper
10402385.jpg|Madder (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11175
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where madder was detected.

Category:Vermilion: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:24:58Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC145786.jpg|right|300px|link=Hokkei, Goat Standing by a Plum Tree, 21.9277|Goat Standing by a Plum Tree by Totoya Hokkei]]

'''[[Vermilion]]''' 朱 (''shu''): A bright red pigment composed of synthetically prepared red mercuric sulfide. Vermilion is chemically identical to the mineral [[Cinnabar|cinnabar]] (辰砂 ''shinsha'').

Vermilion appears to have been rarely used as a colorant. In the mid-1800s it seems to have been mixed with [[:Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant|madder]] to create a darker red color mostly seen used on cartouches. Although not part of the printing matrix, vermilion is also found in the collector's seals on ''surimono'' prints (摺物). Vermilion is the commonly used red ink for seals.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Vermilion]]
 
 

== Examples of Vermilion in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9277-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Hokkei, Goat Standing by a Plum Tree, 21.9277]]
|-
|
[[File:219277-Pt2-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hokkei, Goat Standing by a Plum Tree, 21.9277|Pt 2: Printed Totoya Hokkei, 21.9277]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.16773-Pt7.png|185px|link=Hokusai, Woman Buying Songbirds, from the series A Collection of Dances, 11.16773]]
|-
|
[[File:1116773-Pt7-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Woman Buying Songbirds, from the series A Collection of Dances, 11.16773|Pt 7: Vermilion Katsushika Hokusai, 11.16773]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9257-pt6.png|185px|link=Shigenobu I, Puppy Playing with a Ball, 21.9257]]
|-
|
[[File:21.9257-Pt6 XRF.png|195px]] [[Shigenobu I, Puppy Playing with a Ball, 21.9257|Pt 6: Vermilion Yanagawa Shigenobu, 21.9257]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9244-pt1.png|185px|link=Taito II, Court Lady and Pine Shoots, 21.9244]]
|-
|
[[File:21.9244-Pt1 XRF.png|195px]] [[Taito II, Court Lady and Pine Shoots, 21.9244|Pt 1: Vermilion Katsushika Taito II, 21.9244]]
|}


== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect mercury (Hg). When found in a red area, it is an indication for the presence of vermilion (HgS).
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide13 FC171.PNG|<center>XRF reference spectrum of Vermilion</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Vermilion==
<gallery>
File:171 vermilion.jpg|Vermilion
File:vermilion C100x.jpg|Vermilion
File:27_Vermillion_red_200X.jpg|Vermilion at 200x
File:printed vermilion-cropped.jpg|Printed vermilion
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005546.jpg|Vermilion, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323747
File:20464169.jpg|Vermilion (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11160
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where vermilion was detected.

Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:21:07Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC222268.jpg|right|300px|link=Eisen,_The_Song_Evening_Mist_at_Asama_Peak,_on_Scrap-paper_Fabric_with_an_Itchû-bushi_Libretto,_from_the_series_A_Modern_Pine_Needle_Collection,_11.17878|The Song Evening Mist at Asama Peak by Keisai Eisen]]

'''[[Indigo]]''' 藍 (''ai''): A natural dark blue dye obtained from ''Indigofera tinctoria'' plants native to India, Java, Peru, and other tropical areas. In Japan, indigo was introduced from China in the 6th century CE. The dye is obtained from an indigo plant native to Asia, ''Persicaria tinctoria'' (蓼藍 ''tadeai''). The colorant can also be extracted from indigo dyed cloth or fibers according to Hokusai's illustrated treatise, ''Ehon saishikitsū'' (画本彩色通). Indian indigo began to be imported around the end of the Edo period (1603–1868).

Indigo and [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower]] are the two blues used until [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] enters the palette in the 1830s. Indigo appears most frequently from the 1740s onwards as a color mixed with orpiment to produce a variety of greens. As a single colorant, it appears as a comparatively dull blue color. Due to its poor tinting strength, a relatively large amount needs to be used during printing in order to obtain a good saturation of this color. Its texture is somewhat coarse which makes it difficult to execute graduated hues from dark to light.

[[:Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Indigo and orpiment]] are mixed or overprinted to create a green. This mixture is the most commonly seen combination to create a green.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Indigo]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Sukumo-Ai_(Indigo)_-_left_(272_L)|Indigo 272]], [[Tadeai_(Japanese_indigo)_-_right_(274_R)|274]], [[Sukumo-Ai_(Indigo)_-_-|275]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60455325-2 ''Persicaria tinctoria'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Indigo in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19657-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Ferry Boat, 11.19657]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19657 FORS Pt6 Feb 20 2019.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Ferry Boat, 11.19657|Pt 6: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 11.19657]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=Kunisada, Moon Viewing at Mukôjima, a Triptych, from the series Moon, Snow and Flowers, 11.15216]]
|-
|
[[File:1115216-Pt7-FORS.jpg|200px]] [[Kunisada, Moon Viewing at Mukôjima, a Triptych, from the series Moon, Snow and Flowers, 11.15216|Pt 7: Printed Utagawa Kunisada, 11.15216]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.25669-pt9-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Minazuru-hime as Ono no Komachi and Benkei as Kisen Hôshi, from the series Characters from the Life of Ushiwaka as the Six Poetic Immortals, 11.25669]]
|-
|
[[File:11.25669 Pt 9 FORS 2016.jpg|200px]] [[Eisen, Minazuru-hime as Ono no Komachi and Benkei as Kisen Hôshi, from the series Characters from the Life of Ushiwaka as the Six Poetic Immortals, 11.25669|Pt 9: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.25669]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.17878-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, The Song Evening Mist at Asama Peak, on Scrap-paper Fabric with an Itchû-bushi Libretto, from the series A Modern Pine Needle Collection, 11.17878]]
|-
|
[[File:1117878-Pt1-FORS.jpg|200px]] [[Eisen, The Song Evening Mist at Asama Peak, on Scrap-paper Fabric with an Itchû-bushi Libretto, from the series A Modern Pine Needle Collection, 11.17878|Pt 1: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.17878]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) can easily identify the three blues: [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower]], indigo, and [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]].
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:left">
Dayflower FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Dayflower reference</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo reference</center>
Prussian blue FORS.jpg|<center>FORS spectrum of Prussian blue reference</center>
</gallery>

==Interpretation==
* Indigo produces a unique FORS pattern with a clear sharp rise occurring from approximately 650 to 740 nm followed by a high, nearly horizontal line. The inflection point (determine by the derivative) occurs about 710nm.
* The lower wavelength portion (left side) of the indigo spectrum may not always have a rise. This may be due to discoloration of the paper or other yellowish tones.

==Images of Indigo ==
<gallery>
File:Persicaria tinctoria.jpg|''Persicaria tinctoria'', by Tokushima Prefectural Souvenir and Tourism Plaza|link=https://tokushima-bussan.com/crafts/awa-ai/
File:indigo tinctoria t.jpg|''Indigofera tinctoria''
Indigo sticks.jpg|Indigo sticks, by Takeo City Library|link=https://www.city.takeo.lg.jp/rekisi/kikaku/2012/ao/ao.html
File:indigo_piece_1.jpg|Indigo piece (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
File:indigo_powder.jpg|Indigo powder (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
File:Sukumo indigo.jpg|Sukumo indigo (''Persicaria tinctoria'')
File:dyed indigo.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo
File:indigo_50X2.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo at 50x
File:46_Indigo_blue_500X.jpg|Indigo blue at 500x
File:Printed indigo1-cropped.jpg|Printed Indigo
File:Printed indigo2-cropped.jpg|Printed Indigo
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005556.jpg|Indigo paste, by National Museum of Natural History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323755
File:20463404.jpg|Indigo (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11150
File:Wi9zwOHzt1g-SD.jpg|Ai-Tokushima:The story of Japan blue (video), by Tokushima prefecture channel|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi9zwOHzt1g&t=30s
File:9 9WAv57VKw-SD.jpg|Awa indigo and its production method (video), by jrtservice623|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9WAv57VKw
File:BP75xw1IptY-HQ.jpg|Indigo Building (video), by Yamatokoriyama City Tourism Association|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BP75xw1IptY
File:UEMcjmyjoOY-SD.jpg|Indigo dye extraction (video), by kmaexports|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEMcjmyjoOY
</gallery>


==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where indigo was detected.

Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:17:00Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC145710.jpg|right|400px|link=Hokusai, Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves, from an untitled series of landscapes in Western style, 21.6678|Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves by Katsushika Hokusai]]

'''[[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]]''' 青花 (''aobana''): A blue dye extracted from the petals of ''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis'' (大帽子花
''ōbōshibana'') better known as ''aobana''. It is cultivated from the Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'') or ''tsukusa'' (露草) to produce a larger petal to yield more dye. The dye is brushed onto Japanese paper, which acts as the vehicle to retain a concentrated dye as well to prevent the oxidation of the dye. The dayflower dyed paper is known as ''aobanagami'' (青花紙) or ''aigami'' (藍紙). The blue colorant in dayflower is primarily commelinin. In addition to its use as a colorant in Japanese woodblock prints, it was commonly used to draw the underdrawing in yūzen dyeing. Dayflower and dayflower dyed paper was grown and made in the area of Kusatsu, Shiga.

Dayflower along with [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]] are the two blues used in prints before [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] entered the palette in the 1830s. Dayflower can appear bluish gray to greenish yellow to tan depending on its state of preservation. Highly water soluble, dayflower was frequently the last color to be printed. Its solubility also presented a special challenge to the printer since this feature makes it difficult to print uniform and sharply defined edges of design. Despite these challenges, dayflower appears to have been used more often than indigo.

Dayflower is also frequently mixed with a red extracted from [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]] to produce a variety of [[:Category:Dayflower/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|purples]]. [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|Dayflower with turmeric]] through mixing or overprinting to produce greens are often found in early prints of two to three colors.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(269_C)|Dayflower 269]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(270_C)|270]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_top_(271_T)|271]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319150-2 ''Commelina communis'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Dayflower in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19694 Pt 1 FORS 2016.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 1: Printed Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20120-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20120 Pt 4 FORS.jpg|200px]] [[Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120|Pt 4: Printed Suzuki Harunobu, 11.20120]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13880-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13880 Pt 5 FORS 2021.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|Pt 5: Printed Torii Kiyonaga, 11.13880]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.809-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809]]
|-
|
[[File:06.809-Pt5.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809|Pt 5: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 06.809]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.26691-2-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2]]
|-
|
[[File:1126691-Pt5-FORS.jpg|200px]] [[Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2|Pt 5: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.26691-2]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) can easily identify the three blues: dayflower, [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]], and [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]].
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:left">
Dayflower FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Dayflower reference</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo reference</center>
Prussian blue FORS.jpg|<center>FORS spectrum of Prussian blue reference</center>
</gallery>

==Interpretation==
* Dayflower produces a unique FORS pattern with a distinct absorption doublet showing minimum points at about 600 and 650 nm.
* This distinct doublet becomes more difficult to see in dark color blue prints due to the strong absorption of light (see Eisen print #11,26691-2 example above).
* The unique FORS pattern has been clearly seen even in light blue and faded dayflower regions.

==Images of Dayflower ==
<gallery>
File:Aobana.jpg|Cultivated dayflower (''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis Makino''), by Asiatic Dayflower|link=http://asiaticdayflower.blogspot.com/
File:Wilddayflower.jpg|Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'')
File:Aobanagami.jpg|Bundle of dayflower dyed paper, by Kusatsu-juku|link=https://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/kusatsujuku/gakumonjo/aobanagami.html
File:Dayflower extract.jpg||Dayflower paper and dye extracted from the paper
File:Dayflower blue dyed paper2.jpg|Paper dyed with dayflower
File:Printed dayflower-cropped.jpg|Printed dayflower
File:Dayflower paper tokuno.jpg|Dayflower paper, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323754
File:WS-rLEjWbGU-MQ.jpg|Cultivated dayflower (video), by Kyoto Botanical Gardens|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS-rLEjWbGU
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where dayflower was detected.

Category:Turmeric/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:13:48Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC129706-pt.jpg|right|350px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]]

'''[[Turmeric]]''' + '''[[Orpiment]]''' have been the most commonly detected mixture of two yellow colorant. Orpiment may have been added to increase opacity and create a vibrant rich golden yellow. Turmeric produces a bright deep yellow that has a high tinting strength and fluoresces brightly under UV radiation.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Orpiment]] and [[Turmeric]].
 
 

== Examples of Orpiment in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.471-pt2.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Young Woman Pointing and Giggling, from the series Types of the Floating World Seen through a Physiognomist's Glass, 34.471]]
|-
|
[[File:34.471 Pt 2 EEM.png|200px]] [[File:34.471 Pt 2 XRF.png|200px]] [[Kunisada, Young Woman Pointing and Giggling, from the series Types of the Floating World Seen through a Physiognomist's Glass, 34.471|Pt 2: Turmeric, Orpiment Utagawa Kunisada I, 34.471]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14971-pt8.png|200px|link=Shunkō, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14971 Pt 8 EEM.png|192px]] [[File:11.14971 Pt 8 XRF.png|200px]] [[Shunkō, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971|Pt 8: Turmeric, Orpiment Katsukawa Shunkô, 11.14971]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.35823-pt6.png|200px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823]]
|-
|
[[File:11.35823 Pt 6 EEM.png|190px]] [[File:11.35823 Pt 6 XRF.png|199px]] [[Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Pt 6: Turmeric, Orpiment Utagawa Hiroshige I, 11.35824]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13642 Pt 7.png|200px|link=Toyokuni, Woman Under Maple and Ginkgo Leaves, from the series Comparison of Beauties, 11.13642]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13642 Pt 7 EEM.png|192px]] [[File:11.13642 Pt 7 XRF.png|198px]] [[Toyokuni, Woman Under Maple and Ginkgo Leaves, from the series Comparison of Beauties, 11.13642|Pt 2: Printed Utagawa Toyokuni I, 11.13642]]
|}



== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect arsenic (As) and sulfur (S) (depending on instrument settings). When it is found in an area where a yellow colorant was used such as yellow, orange, and green, it is an indication for the presence of orpiment (As2S3). The strong fluorescence of turmeric still occurs in the presence of orpiment. Thus, Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify turmeric due to its high fluorescence and clear, consistent pattern. A
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left">
1117946-Pt2-XRF.jpg|<center> XRF reference spectrum of Orpiment</center>
Turmeric EEM ref.jpg|<center>3D EEM plot for Turmeric</center>
</gallery>



==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where orpiment was detected.

Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:13:15Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC207261.jpg|right|250px|link=Shigemasa, Bundle Tied with Straw; Calendar for 1815, 11.20149|Bundle Tied with Straw by Kitao Shigemasa]]

'''[[Turmeric]]''' 鬱金 (''ukon''): A yellow dye obtained from the root of the ''Curcuma domestica'' (or ''C. longa'') plant native to India and Southeast Asia. Turmeric is thought to have made its way to Japan through the Ryūkyū islands. The primary color component in turmeric is curcumin. Turmeric produces a bright deep yellow that has a high tinting strength and fluoresces brightly under UV radiation.

Turmeric and [[:Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|orpiment]] have been the most commonly detected yellows as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. For examples of these mixtures, please see [[:Category:Turmeric/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Turmeric + Orpiment]]

In addition to mixtures with orpiment, turmeric was frequently overprinted or mixed with [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower]] and [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]] to create [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|green]] and [[:Category:Red/Yellow Mixtures: Ukiyo-e colorant|orange]].

'''For additional information see:''' [[Turmeric]], [[Turmeric (Curcuma longa) LC]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Ukon (Turmeric) - center (20 C)|Turmeric 20]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:796451-1 ''Curcuma longa'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Turmeric in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19703-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, Parody of the Three Evening Poems: Teika, Jakuren, and Saigyô, 11.19703]]
|-
|
[[File:1119703-Pt4-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Harunobu, Parody of the Three Evening Poems: Teika, Jakuren, and Saigyô, 11.19703|Pt 4: Printed Suzuki Harunobu, 11.19703]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:46.1409-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Actors Ôtani Hiroji III as Okabe no Rokuyata and Nakamura Sukegorô II as Inomata no Koheiroku, 46.1409]]
|-
|
[[File:46.1409 Pt 5 June 18 2014.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Actors Ôtani Hiroji III as Okabe no Rokuyata and Nakamura Sukegorô II as Inomata no Koheiroku, 46.1409|Pt 5: Printed Torii Kiyomitsu I, 46.1409]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20433-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Dance of the Gods at the Heavenly Cave part 2, 11.20433]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20433 EEM Pt1 Jan 28 2019.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Dance of the Gods at the Heavenly Cave part 2, 11.20433|Pt 1: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20433]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20149-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Shigemasa, Bundle Tied with Straw; Calendar for 1815, 11.20149]]
|-
|
[[File:1120149-Pt1-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Shigemasa, Bundle Tied with Straw; Calendar for 1815, 11.20149|Pt 1: Printed Kitao Shigemasa, 11.20149]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.25587-pt7-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Early Winter: The Day of the Boar in the Tenth Month, from the series Customs of the Four Seasons and Children at Play, 11.25587]]
|-
|
[[File:11.25587 EEM Pt7 Jul 9 2021.jpg|200px]] [[Eisen, Early Winter: The Day of the Boar in the Tenth Month, from the series Customs of the Four Seasons and Children at Play, 11.25587|Pt 7: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.25587]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify turmeric due to its high fluorescence and clear, consistent pattern. Another yellow colorant thought to have been traditionally used, [[Amur cork tree|Japanese yellow wood]] or ''kihada'' (黄檗) also fluoresces very brightly but produces a very different EEM pattern, making it easy to distinguish between the two materials. Yellow wood has not been detected so far.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left">
Turmeric EEM ref.jpg|<center>3D EEM plot for Turmeric</center>
Yellow EEM plots.jpg|<center>3D EEM plots for Yellow references</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Turmeric ==
<gallery>
File:Turmeric plant.jpg|''Curcuma Longa''
File:CurcumLonga_McBJul02040066.jpg|''Curcuma Longa'', by National Tropical Botanical Garden|link=https://ntbg.org/database/plants/detail/Curcuma-longa
File:13 Turmeric root_detail.jpg|Turmeric rhizomes
File:turmeric_pieces.jpg|Cut turmeric rhizomes
File:turmeric_powder.jpg|Ground turmeric
File:turmeric.jpg|Paper dyed with turmeric
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005550.jpg|Turmeric, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323752
File:OCxJeYTBz_A-HD.jpg|Turmeric processing (video), by Foodtechwaale|link=https://youtu.be/OCxJeYTBz_A
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where turmeric was detected.

Category:Turmeric/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:08:56Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC129706-pt.jpg|right|350px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]]

'''[[Turmeric]]''' + '''[[Orpiment]]''' have been the most commonly detected mixture of two yellow colorant. Orpiment may have been added to increase opacity and create a vibrant rich golden yellow. Turmeric produces a bright deep yellow that has a high tinting strength and luminesces brightly in UV light.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Orpiment]] and [[Turmeric]].
 
 

== Examples of Orpiment in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.471-pt2.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Young Woman Pointing and Giggling, from the series Types of the Floating World Seen through a Physiognomist's Glass, 34.471]]
|-
|
[[File:34.471 Pt 2 EEM.png|200px]] [[File:34.471 Pt 2 XRF.png|200px]] [[Kunisada, Young Woman Pointing and Giggling, from the series Types of the Floating World Seen through a Physiognomist's Glass, 34.471|Pt 2: Turmeric, Orpiment Utagawa Kunisada I, 34.471]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14971-pt8.png|200px|link=Shunkō, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14971 Pt 8 EEM.png|192px]] [[File:11.14971 Pt 8 XRF.png|200px]] [[Shunkō, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971|Pt 8: Turmeric, Orpiment Katsukawa Shunkô, 11.14971]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.35823-pt6.png|200px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823]]
|-
|
[[File:11.35823 Pt 6 EEM.png|190px]] [[File:11.35823 Pt 6 XRF.png|199px]] [[Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Pt 6: Turmeric, Orpiment Utagawa Hiroshige I, 11.35824]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13642 Pt 7.png|200px|link=Toyokuni, Woman Under Maple and Ginkgo Leaves, from the series Comparison of Beauties, 11.13642]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13642 Pt 7 EEM.png|192px]] [[File:11.13642 Pt 7 XRF.png|198px]] [[Toyokuni, Woman Under Maple and Ginkgo Leaves, from the series Comparison of Beauties, 11.13642|Pt 2: Printed Utagawa Toyokuni I, 11.13642]]
|}



== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect arsenic (As) and sulfur (S) (depending on instrument settings). When it is found in an area where a yellow colorant was used such as yellow, orange, and green, it is an indication for the presence of orpiment (As2S3). The strong fluorescence of turmeric still occurs in the presence of orpiment. Thus, Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify turmeric due to its high fluorescence and clear, consistent pattern. A
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left">
1117946-Pt2-XRF.jpg|<center> XRF reference spectrum of Orpiment</center>
Turmeric EEM ref.jpg|<center>3D EEM plot for Turmeric</center>
</gallery>



==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where orpiment was detected.

Category:Flavonoids: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:04:37Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC359574.jpg|right|400px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Yoritomo's Hunt by Torii Kiyomitsu I]]

'''[[Flavonoid|Flavonoids]]''' フラボノイド: A group of organic colorant composed of heterocyclic aromatic compounds. For this database, a group of organic yellow colorants have been grouped under flavonoids due to this common chemical composition and difficulty in identifying them individually. Organic yellow colorants that have thought to have been traditionally used and fall into this category are: Gardenia (''Gardenia jasminoides'') or ''kuchinashi'' (梔子), ''Miscanthus tinctorius'' or ''kariyasu'' (苅安), Chinese bayberry (''Myrica rubra'') or ''yamamomo'' (山桃), Japanese pagoda tree (''Styphnolobium japonicum'') or ''enju'' (槐), and Toringo crabapple (''Malus toringo'') or ''zumi'' (棠梨).

Flavonoids have been detected throughout the production of prints from 1690s through the 1860s. With current non-destructive analytical techniques, it is difficult to identify the exact source of each flavonoid. Flavonoids are duller and more beige when compared to the vibrant yellows produced by [[:Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|turmeric]] and [[:Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|orpiment]]. The dull appearance of flavonoids is little known since it can be their natural state or due to age and/or fading.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Flavonoid]], [[Gardenia]], [[Gardenia LC]], [[Kariyasu]], [[Chinese grass (Miscanthus tinctorius) LC]], [[Pagoda tree]], [[Pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum) LC]], [[Zumi]]
 
 

== Examples of Flavonoids in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13273-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyotada I, Actors Sanjô Kantarô II and Ichimura Takenojô IV, 11.13273]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13273-Pt1-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyotada I, Actors Sanjô Kantarô II and Ichimura Takenojô IV, 11.13273|Pt 1: Hand colored Torii Kiyotada I, 11.13273]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19633-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19633 EEM June 11 2014.jpg|200px]] [[Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633|Pt 4: Printed Suzuki Harunobu, 11.19633]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:1114364-Pt5-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 5: Printed Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.30331-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331]]
|-
|
[[File:11.30331-Pt6-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331|Pt 6: Printed Utagawa Toyokuni, 11.30331]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20417-pt7-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô VII as Asahina and Ichikawa Monnosuke III as Tsukisayo, 11.20417]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20417 EEM Jan 20 2019.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô VII as Asahina and Ichikawa Monnosuke III as Tsukisayo, 11.20417|Pt 7: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20417]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Flavonoids, such as the Japanese pagoda tree (''enju'') and ''Miscanthus tinctorius'' (''kariyasu'') fluoresce weakly under ultraviolet radiation and have some differences in their EEM patterns. At this point, however, due to the difficulty in distinguishing these organic yellows, the decision was made to group them as flavonoids to minimize mistakes in identification.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Gardenia color.PNG|<center>3D EEM plot for Gardenia (''kuchinashi'')</center>
Kariyasu color.png|<center>3D EEM plot for ''Miscanthus tinctorius'' (''kariyasu'')</center>
Mountain peach color.png|<center>3D EEM plot for Chinese bayberry (''yamamomo'')</center>
Pagoda tree color.PNG|<center>3D EEM plot for Japanese pagoda tree (''enju'')</center>
Toringo crabapple color.png|<center>3D EEM plot for Toringo crabapple (''zumi'')</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Flavonoids==
<gallery>
kuchinasi gardenia grp.jpg|Gardenia fruit (''kuchinashi'')
File:Printed kuchinashi.jpg|Printed gardenia

File:kariyasu_pieces.jpg|''Miscanthus tinctorius'' (''kariyasu'')
File:Printed kariyasu.jpg|Printed ''Miscanthus tinctorius''
File:Yamamomo.jpg|Chinese bayberry bark powder (''yamamomo'')
File:Printed yamamomo.jpg|Printed Chinese bayberry
File:Pagoda tree buds.JPG|Japanese pagoda tree buds (''enju'')
File:Printed enju.jpg|Printed Japanese pagoda tree

File:Zumi.jpg|Toringo crabapple (''zumi'')
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005552.jpg|Extract of zumi, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323753
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where flavonoids were detected.

Category:Gamboge: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T20:01:30Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC206496.jpg|right|400px|link=Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344|Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems by Okumura Masanobu]]

'''[[Gamboge]]''' 藤黄 (''tōō''): A yellow-orange gum resin produced by several species of the ''Garcinia'' tree, such as ''Garcinia morella'' found in South Asia and ''Garcinia hanburyi'' found in Southeast Asia. Gamboge is composed of a yellow resinous component (70-80%; morelloflavone) and a clear water-soluble gum (~20%). Gamboge is obtained by scoring the trunks of mature trees (older than ten years) and then collecting the poisonous milky yellow resin in hollow bamboo canes. Once the resin has congealed, the bamboo is roasted over fire to evaporate any remaining moisture. Then, the bamboo is broken away to reveal rods of raw gamboge. These rods of gamboge are pulverized, transforming its color from a dull to bright yellow powder.

Gamboge produces a transparent yellow which was frequently hand-painted on prints dating from the 1690s to the 1740s. After the introduction of full color printing, its use seems to decline perhaps because other yellows were easier to obtain and/or print as well as mix with other colorants.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Gamboge]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Touou/Kusashiō (Gamboge) - left (195 L)|Gamboge 195]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:427987-1 ''Garcinia hanburyi'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3285297-4 ''Garcinia morella'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Gamboge in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:58.343-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomasu II, The Arrival of the Elephant, 58.343]]
|-
|
[[File:58343-Pt1-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomasu II, The Arrival of the Elephant, 58.343|Pt 1: Hand colored Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13297-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13297 EEM Pt1 Mar 5 2014.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297|Pt 1: Hand colored Torii Kiyomasu II, 11.13297]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13344-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13344 EEM Pt2 Mar 5 2014.jpg|200px]] [[Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344|Pt 2: Hand colored Okumura Masanobu, 11.13344]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19711-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Komatsuken, Courtesan Parading with Two Kamuro, 11.19711]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19711-Pt2-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Komatsuken, Courtesan Parading with Two Kamuro, 11.19711|Pt 2: Printed Komatsuken, 11.19711]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19475-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, The Sake Cup, sheet 4 of the series Marriage in Brocade Prints, the Carriage of the Virtuous Woman, known as the Marriage series, 11.19475]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19475-Pt1 EEM.png|200px]] [[Harunobu, The Sake Cup, sheet 4 of the series Marriage in Brocade Prints, the Carriage of the Virtuous Woman, known as the Marriage series, 11.19475|Pt 1: Printed Suzuki Harunobu, 11.19475]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Gamboge does not fluoresce under UVA radiation and does not produce a distinct pattern using Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. This, in itself is unique because of the possible yellow colorants analyzed, it is the only bright yellow colorant that not only does not fluoresce but also absorbs the fluorescence emitted by the paper. This negative indication can be sometimes used to assign the presence of gamboge.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Gamboge color.PNG|<center>3D EEM plot of Gamboge</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Gamboge==
<gallery>
File:Garcmore_03.jpg|''Garcinia morella'', by India Biodiversity Portal|link=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/12281
File:gamboge_pieces_1.jpg|Gamboge pieces
File:Gamboge.jpg|Gamboge pieces
File:296 gamboge.jpg|Gamboge powder
File:Gamboge C100x.jpg|Gamboge at 100x
File:15_Powd_gamboge_200X.jpg|Gamboge at 200x
File:gamboge_dyed paper.jpg|Paper dyed with gamboge
File:Printed gamboge-cropped.jpg|Printed gamboge
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where gamboge was detected.

Category:Iron Oxide Red: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:55:05Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC129706.jpg|right|300px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Utagawa Hiroshige I]]

'''[[Hematite|Iron oxide red]]''' 弁柄 (''bengara''): A natural colorant derived from the mineral hematite (ferric oxide), a metallic black-gray or dark red mineral primarily composed of iron oxide or from red ochre, an earth pigment containing hematite, clay, and silica. Red ochre can also be manufactured by roasting yellow ochre. While the type of iron oxide red used in ''ukiyo-e'' prints has not been identified, it was most likely manufactured. During the Edo period (1603–1868), ''rōha bengara'' (ローハベンガラ) and ''tettan bengara'' (鉄丹ベンガラ) were manufactured. ''Rōha bengara'' was made by roasting [[melanterite]] (rōha or ryokuban 緑礬), a naturally occurring iron sulphate or artificially produced from an iron sulfide, a byproduct from copper mining. After the roasting process, it was crushed and levigated to produce fine particles of iron oxide red.

Iron oxide red has been the most commonly found brown whether used alone or in mixtures. When printed, it appears dense and opaque. Iron oxide red has been found on early hand-colored to full-color prints throughout the Edo period. The color can range from a bright light red to a deep almost maroon brown.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Hematite]], [[Ferric oxide]], [[Red ochre]]
 
 

== Examples of Iron oxide red in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13344-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344]]
|-
|
[[File:11.13344-Pt 4 red wood.jpg|200px]] [[Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344|Pt 4: Hand colored Okumura
Masanobu, 11.13344]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19316-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19316-Pt6-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316|Pt 6: Printed Ippitsusai Bunchō, 11.19316]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.17946-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946]]
|-
|
[[File:11.17946-Pt 4, brown.jpg|200px]] [[Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946|Pt 4: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.17946]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.6756-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756]]
|-
|
[[File:21.6756-Pt1&2-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756|Pt 2: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 21.6756]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.36360-pt7-detail.png|200px|link=Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360]]
|-
|
[[File:11.36360-Pt7-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360|Pt 7: Printed Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 11.36360]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect iron (Fe). When it is found in a red/brown area, it is an indication for the presence of iron oxide red (Fe2O3).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide8_FC72.PNG|<center>XRF spectrum of Iron oxide red</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Iron oxide red==
<gallery>
File:Hematiteemr1.jpg|Hematite
File:Hematiteemr2.jpg|Hematite
File:6869 hematite_2up.jpg|Hematite
File:120 iron oxide red.jpg|Ferric oxide
File:23_Red_ocher_200X.jpg|Red ocher
File:Ironoxidered.jpg|Iron oxide red
File:Printed bengara-cropped.jpg|Printed iron oxide red
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005548.jpg|Red ochre, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323748
File:S2pXfCsMudQ-SD.jpg|Future of bengara (video), by Science Channel (JST)|link=https://youtu.be/s2pXfCsMudQ?si=mL-3R4O4ZpGFDRCz&t=42
File:20464300.jpg|Ochres (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11172
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where iron oxide red was detected.

Category:Other Greens: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:46:05Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC214533-pt.jpg|right|300px|link=Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014]]

'''Blue/Yellow Mixtures''': Green combinations made by overprinting or mixing were commonly: [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower + turmeric]], [[:Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo + orpiment]] and [[:Category:Prussian Blue/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue + orpiment]]. Other combination have also been found.

Other combinations of blue and yellow colorants detected so far are::
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*dayflower, flavonoid
*dayflower, orpiment

| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*indigo, flavonoid
*indigo, flavonoid, orpiment
*indigo, turmeric

| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*indigo, iron oxide yellow
*indigo, orpiment, Prussian blue
*indigo, orpiment, turmeric
|}

== Examples of Blue/Yellow Mixtures in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt3.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14364 Pt3 FORS.png|200px]] [[File:11.14364 Pt3 EEM.png|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 3: Flavonoid, Indigo Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.2014-pt5.jpg|200px|link=Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014]]
|-
|
[[File:11.2014 FORS 04.13.2017.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.2014 Pt 5 XRF.png|200px]] [[Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014|Pt 5: Dayflower, Orpiment Katsukawa Shunkô, 11.2014]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt4.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19694 pt 4 FORS.png|208px]] [[File:11.19694 pt 4 EEM.png|205px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 4: Dayflower, Flavonoid Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.30331 Pt 7h.jpg|200px|link=Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331]]
|-
|
[[File:11.30331 Pt 7 FORS.png|195px]] [[File:11.30331 Pt 7 EEM.png|205px]] [[Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331|Pt 7: Indigo, Turmeric Utagawa Toyokuni I, 11.30331]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20430-pt5.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20430 Pt 5 FORS.png|195px]] [[File:11.20430 Pt 5 XRF.png|205px]] [[Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430|Pt 5: Indigo, Iron oxide yellow Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20430]]
|}


==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where the various green mixtures were detected.

Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:44:20Z

MAdachi:

[[File:Kiyomitsu Actor Ichikawa.jpg|right|250px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Actor Ichikawa Danzô III as Adachi Hachirô, 11.19030|Actor Ichikawa Danzô III as Adachi Hachirô by Torii Kiyomitsu I]]

'''[[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|Dayflower]] + [[:Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|Turmeric]]''': Green is achieved by overprinting or mixing a blue and a yellow colorant. Dayflower printed over turmeric was typically used on early prints of two to three colors. The appearance of green produced by overprinting turmeric with dayflower can change upon exposure to moisture or fading. The highly water-soluble dayflower can move towards the back of the paper support to reveal the yellow turmeric. Turmeric is also highly susceptible to fading and in some cases the green produced by the combination of these two colors can appear tan. After the development of full color printing, the dayflower + turmeric mixture was largely supplanted by [[:Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo + orpiment]], which became the dominate formulation for green.

'''For additional information see:''' [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|Dayflower]], [[:Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|Turmeric]]
 
 

== Examples of Dayflower + Turmeric in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:46.1409-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Actors Ôtani Hiroji III as Okabe no Rokuyata and Nakamura Sukegorô II as Inomata no Koheiroku, 46.1409]]
|-
|
[[File:46.1409-Pt 6 FORS green.jpg|200px]] [[File:46.1409-Pt6-EEM.jpg|200px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Actors Ôtani Hiroji III as Okabe no Rokuyata and Nakamura Sukegorô II as Inomata no Koheiroku, 46.1409|Pt 6: Printed Torii Kiyomitsu I, 46.1409]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19931-pt6.png|185px|link=Hokusai, The Sixth Month: Washing the Portable Shrine, from an untitled series of Niwaka festival dances representing the Twelve Months, 11.19931]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19931 pt 6 FORS.png|190px]] [[File:11.19931 pt 6 EEM.png|200px]] [[Hokusai, The Sixth Month: Washing the Portable Shrine, from an untitled series of Niwaka festival dances representing the Twelve Months, 11.19931|Pt 6 Katsushika Hokusai, 11.19931]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9257-pt3.png|185px|link=Shigenobu I, Puppy Playing with a Ball, 21.9257]]
|-
|
[[File:21.9257 pt3 FORS.png|175px]] [[File:21.9257 pt3 EEM.png|183px|Nearby red also appears in FORS]] [[Shigenobu I, Puppy Playing with a Ball, 21.9257|Pt 3 Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.333-pt2.png|185px|link=Bunchō, Actor Ichimura Uzaemon IX as Yoshiie, 34.333]]
|-
|
[[File:34.333 pt2 FORS.png|176px]] [[File:34.333 pt2 EEM.png|176px]] [[Bunchō, Actor Ichimura Uzaemon IX as Yoshiie, 34.333|Pt 4 Ippitsusai Bunchô, 34.333]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) is used to identify [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower]] and Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy is used to identify [[:Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|turmeric]]. For more information, please see the individual colorant pages, [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower]] and [[:Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|turmeric]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left">
Dayflower FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Dayflower reference</center>
Turmeric EEM ref.jpg|<center>3D EEM plot for Turmeric</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Dayflower + Turmeric==
<gallery>
File:Printed green-cropped.jpg|Printed dayflower + turmeric (mixture)
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where dayflower + turmeric was detected.

Category:Prussian Blue/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:42:34Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC162704.jpg|right|300px|link=Kuniyoshi, Tsumagome: Abe no Yasuna and the Fox Kuzunoha, from the series Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidô Road, 11.41803|Tsumagome: Abe no Yasuna and the Fox Kuzunoha by Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]

'''[[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] + [[:Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Orpiment]]''': Green is achieved by mixing or overprinting a blue and a yellow colorant. By altering the proportions of each, a wide variation of greens could be obtained. While the most frequently found green is [[:Category:Indigo/Orpiment:_Ukiyo-e_colorant|indigo + orpiment]], Prussian blue + orpiment is found after the introduction of [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] into the palette of ''ukiyo-e'' prints in the 1830s.

'''For additional information see:''' [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]], [[:Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Orpiment]]
 
 

== Examples of Prussian blue + Orpiment in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.6756-pt3-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756]]
|-
|
[[File:21.6756-Pt3-FORS.jpg|200px]] [[File:21.6756-Pt3-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756|Pt 3: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 21.6756]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.36360-pt3-detail.png|200px|link=Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360]]
|-
|
[[File:11.36360-Pt3-FORS.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.36360-Pt3- XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360|Pt 3: Printed Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 11.36360]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.142663-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Poem by Ariwara no Narihira Ason: (Actor Ichikawa Danjûrô VIII as) Seigen, from the series Comparisons for Thirty-six Selected Poems, 11.42663]]
|-
|
[[File:11.42663-Pt5-FORS.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.42663-Pt5-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Kunisada, Poem by Ariwara no Narihira Ason: (Actor Ichikawa Danjûrô VIII as) Seigen, from the series Comparisons for Thirty-six Selected Poems, 11.42663|Pt 5: Printed Utagawa Kunisada, 11.42663]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.17904-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Seijûrô and Onatsu; Banners of Bishamonten; from the series Amusements on the Festival Day, 11.17904]]
|-
|
[[File:11.17904-Pt5 FORS 2015.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.17904-Pt5 XRF 2015.jpg|200px]] [[Eisen, Seijûrô and Onatsu; Banners of Bishamonten; from the series Amusements on the Festival Day, 11.17904|Pt 5: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.17904]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.35823-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823]]
|-
|
[[File:11.35823 pt 5 FORS 2016.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.35823-Pt5-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Pt 5: Printed Utagawa Hiroshige I, 11.35823]]
|}



== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) is used to identify [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect arsenic (As) and sulfur (S), which is an indication of the presence of [[:Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|orpiment]] (As2S3). For more information, please see the individual colorant pages, [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] and [[:Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|orpiment]].
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left">
Prussian blue FORS.jpg|<center>FORS spectrum of Prussian blue reference</center>
1117946-Pt2-XRF.jpg|<center> XRF spectrum of Orpiment</center>
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where Prussian blue + orpiment was detected.

Category:Other Greens: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:41:27Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC214533-pt.jpg|right|300px|link=Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014]]

'''Blue/Yellow Mixtures''': Green combinations made by overprinting or mixing were commonly: [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower + turmeric]], [[:Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo + orpiment]] and [[:Category:Prussian Blue/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue + orpiment]]. Other combination have also been found.

The following green combinations have also been detected so far:
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*dayflower, flavonoid
*dayflower, orpiment

| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*indigo, flavonoid
*indigo, flavonoid, orpiment
*indigo, turmeric

| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*indigo, iron oxide yellow
*indigo, orpiment, Prussian blue
*indigo, orpiment, turmeric
|}

== Examples of Blue/Yellow Mixtures in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt3.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14364 Pt3 FORS.png|200px]] [[File:11.14364 Pt3 EEM.png|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 3: Flavonoid, Indigo Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.2014-pt5.jpg|200px|link=Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014]]
|-
|
[[File:11.2014 FORS 04.13.2017.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.2014 Pt 5 XRF.png|200px]] [[Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014|Pt 5: Dayflower, Orpiment Katsukawa Shunkô, 11.2014]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt4.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19694 pt 4 FORS.png|208px]] [[File:11.19694 pt 4 EEM.png|205px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 4: Dayflower, Flavonoid Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.30331 Pt 7h.jpg|200px|link=Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331]]
|-
|
[[File:11.30331 Pt 7 FORS.png|195px]] [[File:11.30331 Pt 7 EEM.png|205px]] [[Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331|Pt 7: Indigo, Turmeric Utagawa Toyokuni I, 11.30331]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20430-pt5.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20430 Pt 5 FORS.png|195px]] [[File:11.20430 Pt 5 XRF.png|205px]] [[Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430|Pt 5: Indigo, Iron oxide yellow Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20430]]
|}


==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where the various green mixtures were detected.

Category:Other Greens: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:40:35Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC214533-pt.jpg|right|300px|link=Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014]]

'''Blue/Yellow Mixtures''': Green combinations made by overprinting or mixing were commonly: [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower + turmeric]], [[:Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo + orpiment]] and [[:Category:Prussian Blue/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue + orpiment]]. Other combination have also been found.

The following green combinations have also been detected so far:
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*dayflower, flavonoid
*dayflower, orpiment

| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*indigo, flavonoid
*indigo, flavonoid, orpiment
*indigo, turmeric

| style="width:300px; text-align:left;" |
*indigo, iron oxide yellow
*indigo, orpiment, Prussian blue
*indigo, orpiment, turmeric
|}

== Examples of Blue/Yellow Mixtures in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt3.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:11.14364 Pt3 FORS.png|200px]] [[File:11.14364 Pt3 EEM.png|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 3: Flavonoid, Indigo Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.2014-pt5.jpg|200px|link=Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014]]
|-
|
[[File:11.2014 FORS 04.13.2017.jpg|200px]] [[File:11.2014 Pt 5 XRF.png|200px]] [[Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014|Pt 5: Dayflower, Orpiment Katsukawa Shunkô, 11.2014]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt4.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19694 pt 4 FORS.png|208px]] [[File:11.19694 pt 4 EEM.png|205px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 4: Dayflower, Flavonoid Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.30331 Pt 7h.jpg|200px|link=Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331]]
|-
|
[[File:11.30331 Pt 7 FORS.png|195px]] [[File:11.30331 Pt 7 EEM.png|205px]] [[Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331|Pt 7: Indigo, Turmeric Utagawa Toyokuni I, 11.30331]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20430-pt5.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20430 Pt 5 FORS.png|195px]] [[File:11.20430 Pt 5 XRF.png|205px]] [[Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430|Pt 5: Indigo, Iron oxide yellow Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20430]]
|}




==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where the various green mixtures were detected.

Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:39:47Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC227244-pt.jpg|right|500px|link=Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411]]

'''[[Calcium carbonate]]''' 胡粉 (''gofun''): A white powder that can occur in three crystalline forms: [[Calcite|calcite]] (hexagonal-rhombohedral), [[Aragonite|aragonite]] (orthorhombic) and [[vaterite]]. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in many forms such as [[Chalk|chalk]], [[Limestone|limestone]], [[Marble|marble]] and [[seashell|sea shells]]. In Japan, the source is sea shells.

Calcium carbonate can be difficult to confirm as a printed color since the water used in papermaking can have a high concentrations of calcium; also it was sometimes used as an additive in the paper.

Extensive use of calcium carbonate is found on Harunobu’s ''mizu-e'' (水絵) or water prints of the 1760s which are images printed with no or faintly printed outlines. Sometimes calcium carbonate, like [[:Category:Lead white: Ukiyo-e colorant|lead white]] was spattered across the surface of a completed print in order to approximate the appearance of snow or sea spray.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Calcium carbonate]]
 
 

== Examples of Calcium carbonate in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20411-pt2.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20411 bird XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411|Pt 2: Calcium Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20411]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:53.21-pt6.png|200px|link=Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21]]
|-
|
[[File:53.21 background XRF with blank.png|198px]] [[File:53.21 background EEM.png|180px]] [[Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21|Pt 6: Calcium, flavonoid Chôbunsai Eishi, 53.21]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.1037-pt6.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II, 06.1037]]
|-
|
[[File:06.1037 wall XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[File:06.1037 wall EEM.png|202px]] [[Bunchō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II, 06.1037|Pt 6: Calcium, flavonoid Ippitsusai Bunchô, 06.1037]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19295-pt1.png|200px|link=Shunshō, No. 3, Comparative Poems, from the series Six Types of Waka Poetry as Described in the Preface of the Kokinshû, 11.19295]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19295 wood XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[Shunshō, No. 3, Comparative Poems, from the series Six Types of Waka Poetry as Described in the Preface of the Kokinshû, 11.19295|Pt 1: Calcium, with high lead Katsukawa Shunshô, 11.19295]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect calcium (Ca), which in a white area, is an indication for the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
Calcite XRF.png|<center>XRF plot for Calcite</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Calcium carbonate ==
<gallery>
Gofun.jpg|Gofun, by Musashino Art University|link=http://zokeifile.musabi.ac.jp/%e8%83%a1%e7%b2%89/
Oyster shells.jpg|Weathered oyster shells (''Ostrea denselamellosa''), by Central Japan Railway Company|link=https://souda-kyoto.jp/blog/00260.html
Scallop_shell.jpg|Weathered scallop shells and gofun, by Uebaesou Co., Ltd.|link=https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005542.jpg|Calcium carbonate, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323745
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where calcium carbonate was detected.

Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:37:20Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC227244-pt.jpg|right|500px|link=Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411]]

'''[[Calcium carbonate]]''' 胡粉 (''gofun''): A white powder that can occur in three crystalline forms: [[Calcite|calcite]] (hexagonal-rhombohedral), [[Aragonite|aragonite]] (orthorhombic) and [[vaterite]]. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in many forms such as [[Chalk|chalk]], [[Limestone|limestone]], [[Marble|marble]] and [[seashell|sea shells]]. In Japan, the source is sea shells.

Calcium carbonate can be difficult to confirm as a printed color since the water used in papermaking can have a high concentrations of calcium; also it was sometimes used as an additive in the paper.

Calcium carbonate has been found mixed with [[:Category:Carbon black:Ukiyo-e colorant|carbon black]] to create a wide range of gray tones that can appear gray to a pale blue color. Extensive use of calcium carbonate is found on Harunobu’s ''mizu-e'' (水絵) or water prints of the 1760s which are images printed with no or faintly printed outlines. Sometimes calcium carbonate, like [[:Category:Lead white: Ukiyo-e colorant|lead white]] was spattered across the surface of a completed print in order to approximate the appearance of snow or sea spray.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Calcium carbonate]]
 
 

== Examples of Calcium carbonate in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20411-pt2.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20411 bird XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411|Pt 2: Calcium Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20411]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:53.21-pt6.png|200px|link=Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21]]
|-
|
[[File:53.21 background XRF with blank.png|198px]] [[File:53.21 background EEM.png|180px]] [[Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21|Pt 6: Calcium, flavonoid Chôbunsai Eishi, 53.21]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.1037-pt6.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II, 06.1037]]
|-
|
[[File:06.1037 wall XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[File:06.1037 wall EEM.png|202px]] [[Bunchō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II, 06.1037|Pt 6: Calcium, flavonoid Ippitsusai Bunchô, 06.1037]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19295-pt1.png|200px|link=Shunshō, No. 3, Comparative Poems, from the series Six Types of Waka Poetry as Described in the Preface of the Kokinshû, 11.19295]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19295 wood XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[Shunshō, No. 3, Comparative Poems, from the series Six Types of Waka Poetry as Described in the Preface of the Kokinshû, 11.19295|Pt 1: Calcium, with high lead Katsukawa Shunshô, 11.19295]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect calcium (Ca), which in a white area, is an indication for the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
Calcite XRF.png|<center>XRF plot for Calcite</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Calcium carbonate ==
<gallery>
Gofun.jpg|Gofun, by Musashino Art University|link=http://zokeifile.musabi.ac.jp/%e8%83%a1%e7%b2%89/
Oyster shells.jpg|Weathered oyster shells (''Ostrea denselamellosa''), by Central Japan Railway Company|link=https://souda-kyoto.jp/blog/00260.html
Scallop_shell.jpg|Weathered scallop shells and gofun, by Uebaesou Co., Ltd.|link=https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005542.jpg|Calcium carbonate, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323745
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where calcium carbonate was detected.

Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:32:15Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC227244-pt.jpg|right|500px|link=Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411]]

'''[[Calcium carbonate]]''' 胡粉 (''gofun''): A white powder that can occur in three crystalline forms: [[Calcite|calcite]] (hexagonal-rhombohedral), [[Aragonite|aragonite]] (orthorhombic) and [[vaterite]]. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in many forms such as [[Chalk|chalk]], [[Limestone|limestone]], [[Marble|marble]] and [[seashell|sea shells]]. In Japan, the source is sea shells.

Calcium carbonate can be difficult to confirm as a printed color since the water used in papermaking can have a high concentrations of calcium; also it was sometimes used as an additive in the paper.

Calcium carbonate has been found mixed with [[:Category:Carbon black:Ukiyo-e colorant|carbon black]] to create a wide range of gray tones that can appear as a pale blue color. Extensive use of calcium carbonate is found on Harunobu’s ''mizu-e'' (水絵) or water prints of the 1760s which are images printed with no or faintly printed outlines. Sometimes calcium carbonate, like [[:Category:Lead white: Ukiyo-e colorant|lead white]] was spattered across the surface of a completed print in order to approximate the appearance of snow or sea spray.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Calcium carbonate]]
 
 

== Examples of Calcium carbonate in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20411-pt2.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20411 bird XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[Hokusai, Toys: Bird Whistle, Rattle, Boy Doll with Hobbyhorse, 11.20411|Pt 2: Calcium Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20411]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:53.21-pt6.png|200px|link=Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21]]
|-
|
[[File:53.21 background XRF with blank.png|198px]] [[File:53.21 background EEM.png|180px]] [[Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21|Pt 6: Calcium, flavonoid Chôbunsai Eishi, 53.21]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.1037-pt6.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II, 06.1037]]
|-
|
[[File:06.1037 wall XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[File:06.1037 wall EEM.png|202px]] [[Bunchō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II, 06.1037|Pt 6: Calcium, flavonoid Ippitsusai Bunchô, 06.1037]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19295-pt1.png|200px|link=Shunshō, No. 3, Comparative Poems, from the series Six Types of Waka Poetry as Described in the Preface of the Kokinshû, 11.19295]]
|-
|
[[File:11.19295 wood XRF with blank.png|200px]] [[Shunshō, No. 3, Comparative Poems, from the series Six Types of Waka Poetry as Described in the Preface of the Kokinshû, 11.19295|Pt 1: Calcium, with high lead Katsukawa Shunshô, 11.19295]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect calcium (Ca), which in a white area, is an indication for the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
Calcite XRF.png|<center>XRF plot for Calcite</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Calcium carbonate ==
<gallery>
Gofun.jpg|Gofun, by Musashino Art University|link=http://zokeifile.musabi.ac.jp/%e8%83%a1%e7%b2%89/
Oyster shells.jpg|Weathered oyster shells (''Ostrea denselamellosa''), by Central Japan Railway Company|link=https://souda-kyoto.jp/blog/00260.html
Scallop_shell.jpg|Weathered scallop shells and gofun, by Uebaesou Co., Ltd.|link=https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005542.jpg|Calcium carbonate, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323745
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where calcium carbonate was detected.

Category:Mica: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:25:01Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC228226.jpg|right|250px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|The Heron Maiden by Kitagawa Utamaro I]]

'''[[Mica]]''' 雲母 (''kira'' or ''unmo''): A group of silicate minerals that cleave into thin, flexible translucent sheets. The most common type of mica is [[muscovite]], which is colorless. Mica can appear in a variety of tones depending on its origin and preparation. Mica is ground into a powder which can be printed or sprinkled to create a shimmering effect. Paste or animal glue (膠 ''nikawa'') would be used to affix the mica. On its own, it is a pearlescent white, but it can also be mixed with a colorant to make colored mica. Pink (mica and a red colorant) or dark gray (mica and carbon black) are the commonly found colored micas. Mica can also be found applied over a printed color.

Large fields of mica appear most frequently on prints made during the late 18th century that depicted actors and beautiful women where it was used on the background to highlight the figure.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Mica]]
 
 

== Examples of Mica in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt9-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:1114364-Pt9-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 9: Mica Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14674-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674]]
|-
|
[[File:1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674|Pt 6: Dark gray mica Tōshūsai Sharaku, 11.14674]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.15095-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095]]
|-
|
[[File:11.15095-Pt 4-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095|Pt 4: Mica Utagawa Kunisada, 11.15095]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.336-pt10.png|185px|link=Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 34.336]]
|-
|
[[File:Eishi 34.336 Pt 10 XRF.png|211px]] [[Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 34.336|Pt 10: Sprinkled mica Chōbunsai Eishi, 34.336]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). In conjunction with visual inspection, it is an indication for the presence of mica.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|<center>XRF spectrum for Mica</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Mica==
<gallery>
File:Muskovit-Pilsak.jpg|Mica (muscovite)
File:Kiramica C100x.jpg|Mica powder at 100x
File:Mica powder.jpg|Mica powder
File:Printed mica-cropped.jpg|Printed mica
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where mica was detected.

Category:Tin: Ukiyo-e colorant

2025-09-15T19:17:11Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC223010.jpg|right|300px|link=Hokkei, Ômori, from the series Souvenirs of Enoshima, a Set of Sixteen, 11.19845|Ômori by Totoya Hokkei]]

'''[[Tin]]''' 錫 (''suzu''): Tin is extracted from the mineral [[cassiterite]] (SnO2). Tin was commonly used for metallic silver colored areas on a print. [[Animal glue]] (膠 ''nikawa'') was commonly used to adhere the powder to the paper's surface or as a binder when printed. The use of affordable metals such as [[:Category:Brass: Ukiyo-e colorant|brass]] and tin were likely meant to imitate the glittering effects created by the use of expensive metal leaf or flakes, such as gold and silver, on screen and scroll paintings.

As with printed brass, tin is often seen on ''surimono'' prints (摺物) and deluxe editions. It is also frequently seen printed over a blue colorant in ''surimono'' prints.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Tin]]
 
 

== Examples of Tin in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9264-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Shinsai, Chapters 25–27, from the series The Tale of Genji, 21.9264]]
|-
|
[[File:21.9264-tin1-XRF.jpg|200px]] 
[[Shinsai, Chapters 25–27, from the series The Tale of Genji, 21.9264|Pt 1: Printed over sumi Ryūryūkyo Shinsai, 21.9264]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20418-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Hair Ornaments, 11.20418]]
|-
|
[[File:1120418-Pt1-XRF.jpg|200px]] 
[[Hokusai, Hair Ornaments, 11.20418|Pt 1: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20418]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20413-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Stone, from the series Three Pictures for a Children's Hand Game, 11.20413]]
|-
|
[[File:11.20413-pt2-XRF.jpg|200px]] 
[[Hokusai, Stone, from the series Three Pictures for a Children's Hand Game, 11.20413|Pt 2: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20413]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.25669-pt10-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Minazuru-hime as Ono no Komachi and Benkei as Kisen Hôshi, from the series Characters from the Life of Ushiwaka as the Six Poetic Immortals, 11.25669]]
|-
|
[[File:1125669-Pt10-XRF.jpg|200px]] 
[[Eisen, Minazuru-hime as Ono no Komachi and Benkei as Kisen Hôshi, from the series Characters from the Life of Ushiwaka as the Six Poetic Immortals, 11.25669|Pt 10: Printed over indigo Keisai Eisen, 11.25669]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19845-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Hokkei, Ômori, from the series Souvenirs of Enoshima, a Set of Sixteen, 11.19845]]
|-
|
[[File:1119845-Pt4-XRF.jpg|200px]] 
[[Hokkei, Ômori, from the series Souvenirs of Enoshima, a Set of Sixteen, 11.19845|Pt 4: Printed Totoya Hokkei, 11.19845]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9245-pt7-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Ôkuninushi no Mikoto, the White Hare of Inaba, and the Crocodiles, 21.9245]]
|-
|
[[File:219245-Pt7-XRF.jpg|200px]] 
[[Hokusai, Ôkuninushi no Mikoto, the White Hare of Inaba, and the Crocodiles, 21.9245|Pt 7: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 21.9245]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect tin (Sn).
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
XRF spectrum of tin.jpg|<center>XRF spectrum for Tin</center>
</gallery>


<gallery>



</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where tin was detected.

Category:Iron Oxide Yellow: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-24T02:37:06Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC207161.jpg|right|300px|link=Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316|Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon by Ippitsusai Bunchô]]

'''[[Yellow ocher|Iron oxide yellow]]''' 黄土 (''ōdo''): A yellow earth pigment, containing iron oxide, clay, and silica, also known as [[Yellow ocher|yellow ochre]] or [[limonite]]. The iron hydroxide, [[goethite]] is the primary coloring material. It is a naturally occurring pigment used since prehistoric times and is found throughout the world in iron rich soils or as weathered iron ore deposits.



'''For additional information see:''' [[Goethite]], [[Limonite]], [[Yellow ocher|Yellow ochre]]
 
 

== Examples of Iron oxide yellow in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19316-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316|Pt 1: Printed Ippitsusai Bunchō, 11.19316]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20430-pt3-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Hokusai, Carp and Iris, 11.20430|Pt 3: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 11.20430]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.21066-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Shinsai, Chapters 16–18, from the series The Tale of Genji, 11.21066]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Shinsai, Chapters 16–18, from the series The Tale of Genji, 11.21066|Pt 1: Printed Torii Kiyomasu II, 11.21066]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Printed Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Printed Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect iron (Fe). When it is found in a yellow area, it is an indication for the presence of iron oxide yellow (Fe2O3 H2O).
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide28 FC258.PNG|<center>XRF spectrum of Iron oxide yellow</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Iron oxide yellow==
<gallery>
LimoniteUSGOV.jpg|Limonite
File:258 yellow ocher.jpg|Yellow ocher
File:589 pale yellow ocher.jpg|Yellow ocher, ōdo
File:9_Yellow-ocher_500X.jpg|Yellow ocher at 500x
File:9_Yellow-ocher_200X_pol.jpg|Yellow ocher at 200x polarized light
File:Ironoxideyellow.jpg|Iron oxide yellow
File:20464300.jpg|Ochres (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11172
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where iron oxide yellow was detected.

Category:Mica: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-24T02:35:16Z

MAdachi: /* Examples of Mica in Ukiyo-e Prints */

[[File:SC228226.jpg|right|250px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|The Heron Maiden by Kitagawa Utamaro I]]

'''[[Mica]]''' 雲母 (''kira'' or ''unmo''): A group of silicate minerals that cleave into thin, flexible sheets. Mica can appear in a variety of tones depending on its origin and preparation. Mica appears to have been domestically available as well as through trade. Good quality mica was known to have been mined in Mikawa (present day eastern Aichi). It is ground into a powder for use on ''ukiyo-e'' prints. Powdered mica can be printed or sprinkled to create a shimmering effect. Paste or animal glue (膠 ''nikawa'') would be used to affix the mica. On its own it is a pearlescent white but mica can also be mixed with a colorant to make colored mica. Pink, mica and a red colorant or dark gray, mica and carbon black are the commonly found colored micas. It can also be found applied over a printed color.

Large fields of mica appears most frequently on prints made during the late 18th century that depicted actors and beautiful women where it was used on the background to highlight the figure.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Mica]]
 
 

== Examples of Mica in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt9-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:1114364-Pt9-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 9: Mica Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14674-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674]]
|-
|
[[File:1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674|Pt 6: Dark gray mica Tōshūsai Sharaku, 11.14674]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.269a-b-pt11-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, Kitchen Scene, 34.269a-b]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Utamaro I, Kitchen Scene, 34.269a-b|Pt 11: Overprinted mica Kitagawa Utamaro I, 34.269a-b]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912|Pt 10: Sprinkled mica Chōbunsai Eishi, 21.4912]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.15095-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095|Pt 4: Mica Utagawa Kunisada, 11.15095]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). In conjunction with visual inspection, it is an indication for the presence of mica.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|<center>XRF spectrum for Mica</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Mica==
<gallery>
File:Muskovit-Pilsak.jpg|Mica (muscovite)
File:Kiramica C100x.jpg|Mica powder at 100x
File:Mica powder.jpg|Mica powder
File:Printed mica-cropped.jpg|Printed mica
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where mica was detected.

Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-21T02:47:41Z

MAdachi: /* Images of Dayflower */

[[File:SC145710.jpg|right|400px|link=Hokusai, Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves, from an untitled series of landscapes in Western style, 21.6678|Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves by Katsushika Hokusai]]

'''[[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]]''' 青花 (''aobana''): A blue dye extracted from the petals of ''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis'' (大帽子花
''ōbōshibana'') better known as ''aobana''. It is cultivated from the Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'') or ''tsukusa'' (露草) to produce a larger petal to yield more dye. The dye is brushed onto Japanese paper, which acts as the vehicle to retain a concentrated dye as well to prevent the oxidation of the dye. The dayflower dyed paper is known as ''aobanagami'' (青花紙) or ''aigami'' (藍紙). The blue colorant in dayflower is primarily commelinin. In addition to its use as a colorant in Japanese woodblock prints, it was commonly used to draw the underdrawing in yūzen dyeing. Dayflower and dayflower dyed paper was grown and made in the area of Kusatsu and continues to be made there today but only three farmer/producers remain.

Dayflower along with [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]] are the two blues used in Japanese woodblock prints before [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] entered the palette in the 1830s. Dayflower can appear bluish gray to greenish yellow to tan depending on its state of preservation. Highly water soluble, dayflower was frequently the last color to be printed. Its solubility also presented a special challenge to the printer since this feature makes it difficult to print uniform and sharply defined edges of design. Despite these challenges, dayflower appears to have been used more often than indigo.

Dayflower is also frequently mixed with a red extracted from [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]] to produce a variety of [[:Category:Dayflower/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|purples]]. [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|Dayflower with turmeric]] through mixing or overprinting to produce greens are often found in early prints of two to three colors.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(269_C)|Dayflower 269]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(270_C)|270]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_top_(271_T)|271]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319150-2 ''Commelina communis'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Dayflower in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 1: Printed Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20120-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120|Pt 4: Printed Suzuki Harunobu, 11.20120]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13880-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|Pt 5: Printed Torii Kiyonaga, 11.13880]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.809-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809|Pt 5: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 06.809]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.26691-2-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2|Pt 5: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.26691-2]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) can easily identify the three blues: dayflower, [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]], and [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]].
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:left">
Dayflower FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Dayflower reference</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo reference</center>
Prussian blue FORS.jpg|<center>FORS spectrum of Prussian blue reference</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Dayflower ==
<gallery>
File:Aobana.jpg|Cultivated dayflower (''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis Makino''), by Asiatic Dayflower|link=http://asiaticdayflower.blogspot.com/
File:Wilddayflower.jpg|Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'')
File:Aobanagami.jpg|Bundle of dayflower dyed paper, by Kusatsu-juku|link=https://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/kusatsujuku/gakumonjo/aobanagami.html
File:Dayflower extract.jpg||Dayflower paper and dye extracted from the paper
File:Dayflower blue dyed paper2.jpg|Paper dyed with dayflower
File:Printed dayflower-cropped.jpg|Printed dayflower
File:Dayflower paper tokuno.jpg|Dayflower paper, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323754
File:WS-rLEjWbGU-MQ.jpg|Cultivated dayflower (video), by Kyoto Botanical Gardens|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS-rLEjWbGU
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where dayflower was detected.

File:WS-rLEjWbGU-MQ.jpg

2024-08-21T02:42:51Z

MAdachi: Photo credit: Kyoto Botanical Gardens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS-rLEjWbGU

== Summary ==
Photo credit: Kyoto Botanical Gardens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS-rLEjWbGU

Bibliography

2024-08-21T01:02:53Z

MAdachi: /* Other Publications and Resources */

=== MFA Publications ===

* '''"Characterization of Yellow and Red Natural Organic Colorants on Japanese Woodblock Prints by EEM Fluorescence Spectroscopy"''' by Michele Derrick, Richard Newman, and Joan Wright in ''JAIC'', 2017. [https://doi.org/10.1080/01971360.2016.1275438 Link]

:Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM), or 3D fluorescence spectroscopy, was used to characterize natural yellow and red organic colorants in 18th century CE Japanese woodblock prints as part of a project designed to systematically identify the colorants. This analysis technique collected emission spectra in the visible region for a sequence of excitation wavelengths at 10 nm steps from 250 to 600 nm. The resultant data set provided characteristic excitation/emission patterns that were used to identify several natural colorants, including safflower, madder, sappanwood, gamboge, flavonoids, berberines, and turmeric. In combination with other non-sampling methodologies, including x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), most colorants on the prints were quickly and non-destructively characterized. Based on examination of 213 prints, several patterns of colorant use were observed. The prints often contained more than one yellow, red, or blue colorant. From 1781 to 1801, considered the Golden Age, it was common to find multiple types of yellows, reds, and blues on a single print. The colorant madder was identified in many of the prints, while gardenia and berberine-containing dyes were not found. This paper presents the theory, experimental parameters, and limitations of the EEM fluorescence technique.

* '''"Plant Dye Identification in Japanese Woodblock prints"''' by Michele Derrick, Joan Wright, and Richard Newman in ''Arnoldia'' 74/3, February 2017. [https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/plant-dye-identification-in-japanese-woodblock-prints/ Website]

:Three non-destructive analysis techniques were used in the analysis and identification of natural colorants used in the production of Japanese woodblock prints. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to determine the presence of any inorganic compounds, and fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) was used to distinguish between indigo and dayflower in the blue, green, and purple regions. A third technique, excitation emission matrix (EEM), or 3-D fluorescence spectroscopy, was used for the characterization of the red and yellow plant-based colorants.

* '''"The Colors of Desire: ''Beauties of the Yoshiwara'' Observed"''' by Joan Wright, Michele Derrick, and Michiko Adachi in ''Suzuki Harunobu'' exhibition catalogue, 2017. [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/1022945441 Worldcat]

:Published during the final year of his life, Suzuki Harunobu’s five volume ''Beauties of the Yoshiwara'' (1770) is considered to be one of the first full-color printed books and can be seen not only as a masterpiece of his designs for book illustration but also as a compelling example of how artisan-printers might have developed a palette during the early years of full-color printing. Within these five volumes, the profusion of colors and innovative mixtures seen in the first two volumes appears to give way in the last three volumes to a comparatively restrained palette. During the years that followed Harunobu and as print production matured, the development of a standardized palette was likely advantageous for both efficiency and economy within the increasingly commercialized world of publishing.

* '''"EEM Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Natural Red and Yellow Organic Colorants in Japanese Woodblock Prints"''' by Richard Newman, Michele Derrick, and Erin Mysak in "Springer Series on Fluorescence", 2023. [https://doi.org/10.1007/4243_2022_41 Link]

=== Other Publications and Resources===
*'''On Japanese Pigments''' [https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16028coll4/id/23939/ Digital book]
:Toyokichi Takamatsu, 1878.

*'''Tokuno Gift''' [https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/tokuno-gift Museum website]
:National Museum of American History, 1889. A group of prints, woodblocks, tools and sample pigments that were gifted to the Smithsonian in 1889 by Michimasa Tokuno who was the head of the Japanese bureau of engraving and printing.

*'''Nishikie no hori to suri''' (錦絵の彫と摺) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/181286908 Worldcat]
:Kendo Ishii, 1929. In Japanese. A translation by Tim Clark is available. [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/40730331 Worldcat]

*'''The making of Japanese prints and the history of Ukiyo-é''' [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/4292350 Worldcat]
:Chie Hirano, 1939. An excerpt is available [http://woodblock.com/encyclopedia/entries/011_06/011_06.html here.]

*'''Identification of traditional organic colorants employed in Japanese prints and determination of their rates of fading''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934097102301551 AATA Getty]
:Robert L. Feller, Mary Curran, and Catherine W. Bailie in "Japanese woodblock print: a catalogue of the Mary A. Ainsworth Collection, 1984"

*'''Pursuit of Prussian Blue in Modern Asia''' (近世（十八世紀後半以降）のアジアに於けるプルシァン・ブルーの追跡) [https://tamabi.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/711 Link]
:Seiichi Sasaki, 1985. In Japanese with English abstract.

*'''Non-destructive determination of colorants used for traditional Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints by the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum using fiber optics''' (光ファイバーを用いる三次元蛍光スペクトルによる日来の浮世絵版画に使用された着色料の非破壊同定) [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bunsekikagaku1952/47/2/47_2_93/_pdf PDF]
:Susumu Shimoyama, Yasuko Noda and Shinya Katsuhara, 1998. In Japanese with English abstract.

*'''The connoisseruship problem of discolored lead pigments in Japanese woodblock prints''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934099726501551 AATA Getty]
:Judith Walsh, Barbarar H. Berrie and Michael Palmer in "IPC conference papers London, 1997: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Institute of Paper Conservation, 6-9 April 1997", 1998.

*'''The analysis and conservation of aniline-dyed, nineteenth-century Japanese prints''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934099984401551 AATA Getty]
:Pamela De Tristan in "IPC conference papers London, 1997: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Institute of Paper Conservation, 6-9 April 1997", 1998.

*'''The ozone fading of traditional Japanese colorants''' [https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.1988.33.1.29 Link]
:Paul M. Whitmore and Glen R. Cass, 1998.

*'''Aobana and aobanagami''' (アオバナと青花紙 : 近江特産の植物をめぐって) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/674622087 Worldcat]
:Sadao Sakamoto and Yukino Ochiai, 1998. In Japanese.

*'''Analysis of Metallic Pigments Used in 19th Century Japanese Prints''' [https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927600016299 Link]
:GW Bailey, WG Jerome, S McKernan, JF Mansfield, RL Price, RY Hashimoto, ESK Menon, J Fiorillo, 1999.

*'''An electronic transmission analysis of metallic particles in nineteenth century Japanese woodblock prints'''
:John Fiorillo, Richard Hashimoto, and Sarath Menon in "Andon", 2000.

*'''Seeing red: investigating Japanese woodblock prints and organic colorants using spectrophotometry''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934099521201551 AATA Getty]
:Michelle Facini at Papers presented at the 27th annual conference of ANAGPIC, April 19-21, 2001.

*'''Review of MA Paper Conservation: Japanese prints''' [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-38/review-of-ma-paper-conservation-japanese-prints/ Museum website]
:Shiho Sasaki, 2001.

*'''The History of Pigments''' (顔料の歴史) [https://doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.75.189 PDF]
:Eiichi Tsuruta, 2002. In Japanese.

*'''A study of dayflower blue used in Ukiyo-e prints''' [https://doi.org/10.1179/sic.2002.47.s3.038 Link]
:Shiho Sasaki and Pauline Webber, 2002.

*'''Color as language in traditional Japanese prints''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934098554001551 AATA]
:Roger S. Keyes and Elizabeth I. Coombs in "The broad spectrum: studies in the materials, techniques, and conservation of color on paper, 2002"

*'''Non-destructive analysis of ukiyo-e, traditional Japanese woodblock prints, using a portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometer''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934101817801551 AATA]

:Yasuko Noda and Susumu Shimoyama, 2002.

*'''Suzuki Harunobu''' (青春の浮世絵師　鈴木春信－江戸のカラリスト登場－) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/51090723 Worldcat]
:Chiba City Museum and Hagi Uragami Museum, 2002. In Japanese. Exhibition catalogue.

*'''Ultraviolet and infrared examination of Japanese woodblock prints:identifying reds and blues''' [https://cool.culturalheritage.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v23/bpga23-05.pdf PDF]
:Betty Fiske and Linda Stiber Morenus, 2004.

*'''Dayflower blue: its appearance and lightfastness in traditional Japanese prints''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934098408001551 AATA Getty]
:Shiho Sasaki, Elizabeth I. Coombs in "Scientific research on the pictorial arts of Asia: proceedings of the second Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art, 2005"

*'''The identification and light sensitivity of Japanese woodblock print colorants: the impact on art history and preservation''' [https://aata.getty.edu/permalink/f/1kjitv/GETTY_AATA9934099943001551 AATA Getty]
:Sandra A. Connors, Paul M. Whitmore, Roger S. Keyes, and Elizabeth I. Coombs in "Scientific research on the pictorial arts of Asia: proceedings of the second Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art, 2005"

*'''Hokusai and the blue revolution in Edo prints''' [http://www.columbia.edu/~hds2/pdf/2005_Hokusai_and_the_Blue_Revolution.pdf PDF]
:Henry D. Smith in "Hokusai and his age: ukiyo-e painting, printmaking and book illustration in late Edo Japan, 2005"

*'''Non-Destructive Identification of Blue Colorants in Ukiyoe Prints by Visible-Near Infrared Reflection Spectrum Obtained with a Portable Spectrophotometer Using Fiber Optics''' (光ファイバー接続簡易携帯型分光器を用いる可視-近赤外反射スペクトルによる浮世絵版画青色着色料の非破壊同定) [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bunsekikagaku/55/2/55_2_121/_pdf PDF]
:Susumu Shimoyama, Hideo Matsui, and Yasuko Shimoyama, 2006. In Japanese with English abstract.

*'''Western Blue- A Tour of Prussian Blue''' (西洋の青: プルシアンブルーをめぐって) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/423683012 Worldcat]
:Kobe City Museum, 2007. In Japanese.

*'''Environmental Degradation vs. Artistic Intention: The Darkening of Lead Pigments on Japanese Woodblock Prints''' [https://www.academia.edu/4281355/Environmental_Degradation_vs._Artistic_Intention_The_Darkening_of_Lead_Pigments_on_Japanese_Woodblock_Prints_Finlayson_Shugar_and_Walsh_ Poster]
:Christina Finlyason, Aaron Shugar, and Judith Walsh, 2009.

*'''Deterioration of Ferric Ferrocyanide Pigment in Ukiyo-e Printed in the Late Edo Period''' (江戸時代の浮世絵版画に用いられたフェロシアン化鉄顔料の劣化) [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jinstmet/74/3/74_3_158/_pdf/-char/ja PDF]
:Keiko Kida and Masahiro Kitada, 2010. In Japanese with English abstract.

*'''Characterization of traditional Japanese colorants in woodblock printing using multispectral imaging''' [https://www.culturalheritage.org/docs/default-source/annualmeeting/5-characterizationoftraditional.pdf?sfvrsn=2 Poster]
:Gwenanne Edwards, Cyntia Karnes, and Lynn Brostoff, 2012.

*'''後期浮世絵木版画に使用された色材の変遷に関する研究'''　(translation: The change in colorants used in late ukiyo-e prints) [http://blog.tuad.ac.jp/prizeworks/?p=159 Website]
:Asuka Yamato, 2013. In Japanese.

*'''The Effect of Iron Ions from Prussian Blue Pigment on the Deterioration of Japanese Paper''' [https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2015-0009 Link]
:Keiko Kida, Antje Potthast, Masamitsu Inaba, and Noriko Hayakawa, 2015.

*'''Development of molecular distribution analysis method of color pigments on Japanese woodblock prints by Raman spectral-imaging''' (ラマン散乱分光イメージング法による多色摺木版画の色材分子分布解析法の開発) [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsik/26/1/26_2015_021/_pdf/-char/ja PDF]
:Takeo Minamikawa, Daiki Nagai, Takaaki Kaneko, and Ittetsu Taniguchi, 2015. In Japanese with English abstract.

*'''The Red of the Earth-Distinctive ''Bengara'' (Ferric Oxide) Spaces''' (大地の赤　ベンガラ異空間) [https://search.worldcat.org/title/909237916 Worldcat]
:INAX Live Museum, 2015. In Japanese.

*'''Analysis of the Used Colorants in the Ukiyo-e Wood Prints Made during the End of Edo-Period and the Beginning of Meiji-Period : Red, Yellow and Green''' (幕末明治期の錦絵に用いられた色材調査 : 赤色,黄色,緑色について) [https://rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2289/files/kenkyuhokoku_200_05.pdf PDF]
:Yoshiko Shimadzu, 2016. In Japanese.

*'''Synthetic arsenic sulfides in Japanese prints of the Meiji period''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40494-016-0087-0 Research article]
:Yanbing Lueo, Elena Basso, Henry D. Smith II, and Marco Leona, 2016.

*'''The Anatomy of Colors''' (色の博物誌 : 江戸の色材を視る・読む) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/982187763 Worldcat]
:Meguro Museum of Art, Tokyo, 2016. In Japanese.

*'''View of Shogetsu Pond by Eisen Keisei''' [https://brooklynmuseum.tumblr.com/post/154245983195/eisen-keisais-woodblock-print-view-of-shogetsu Museum website]
:Elyse Driscoll, 2016.

*'''Not fade away: preventive conservation on Hokusai prints''' [https://blog.britishmuseum.org/not-fade-away-preventive-conservation-on-hokusai-prints/ Musuem website]
:Capucine Korenberg and Andrew Shore, 2017.

*'''Analytical imaging of colour pigments used in Japanese woodblock prints using Raman microspectroscopy''' [https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5263 Link]
:Takeo Minamikawa, Daiki Nagai, Takaaki Kaneko, Ittetsu Taniguchi, Mariko Ando, Ryo Akama, and Kenji Takenaka, 2017.

*'''A timeline for the introduction of synthetic dyestuffs in Japan during the late Edo and Meiji periods''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40494-018-0187-0 Research article]
:Anna Cesaratto, Yan-Bing Lueo, Henry D. Smith II, and Marco Leona, 2018.

*'''Natural and synthetic arsenic sulfide pigments in Japanese woodblock prints of the late Edo period''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40494-018-0195-0 Research article]
:Stephanie Zaleski, Yae Takahashi, and Marco Leona, 2018.

*'''Colours and pigments in late ukiyo-e art works: A preliminary non-invasive study of Japanese woodblock prints to interpret hyperspectral images using in-situ point-by-point diffuse reflectance spectroscopy''' [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.02.015 Link]
:Josefina Pérez-Arantegui, David Rupérez, David Almazán, and Nerea Díez-de-Pinos, 2018.

*'''Probing some organic ukiyo-e Japanese pigments and mixtures using noninvasive and mobile infrared spectroscopies''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-018-1305-2 Link]
:Carole Biron, Gwénaëlle le Bourdon, Josefina Pérez-Arantegui, Laurent Servant, Rémy Chapoulie, and Floréal Daniel, 2018.

*'''Red and blue colours on 18th–19th century Japanese woodblock prints: In situ analyses by spectrofluorimetry and complementary non-invasive spectroscopic methods''' [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.023 Link]
:A. Mounier, G. Le Bourdon, C. Aupetit, S. Lazare, C. Biron, J. Pérez-Arantegui, D. Almazán, J. Aramendia, N. Prieto-Taboada, S. Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, and F. Daniel, 2018.

*'''s.a.m.@ PAM: Suzuki Harunobu and Color in Japanese Prints''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hY8fILgSOlA Video]
:Portland Art Museum, 2018.

*'''青花紙製作技術に関する共同調査報告書''' (translation: A joint research report on the production technology of aobanagami) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/1120936723 Worldcat]
:Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 2018. In Japanese.

*'''Characterisation of organic colourants in ukiyo-e prints by Fourier transform near infrared fibre optics reflectance spectroscopy''' [https://www.impopen.com/subs/nir/v19/R17_0015.pdf PDF]
:C. Biron, F. Daniel, G. Le Bourdon, R. Chapoulie and L. Servant, 2019.

*'''Developing a systematic approach to determine the sequence of impressions of Japanese woodblock prints: the case of Hokusai's 'Red Fuji'''　[https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-019-0250-5 Research article]
:Capucine F. Korenberg, Lucia Pereira-Pardo, Peter J. McElhinney, and Joanne Dyer, 2019.

*'''Examining the Utility of Three-Dimensional Excitation Emission Fluorescence Spectroscopy in the Identification of Organic Colorants Used in Woodblock Prints from the Late Edo to Meiji Period''' (江戸後期から明治期の錦絵に用いられた有機色材の同定に関する三次元励起蛍光スペクトル分析法および可視分光反射スペクトル分析法の有用性の検討) [https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/8754093741 Worldcat]
:Asuka Yamato, 2019. In Japanese.

*'''Evidence of early amorphous arsenic sulfide production and use in Edo period Japanese woodblock prints by Hokusai and Kunisada''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40494-019-0318-2 Research article]
:Marc Vermeulen and Marco Leona, 2019.

*'''Colours of the « images of the floating world ». Non-invasive analyses of Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints (18th and 19th centuries) and new contributions to the insight of oriental materials''' [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104374 Link]
:Carole Biron, Aurélie Mounier, Josefina Pérez Arantegui, Gwénaëlle Le Bourdon, Laurent Servant, Rémy Chapoulie, Clodoaldo Roldán, David Almazán, Nerea Díez-de-Pinos, and Floréal Daniel, 2019.

*'''Creation and reference characterization of Edo period Japanese woodblock printing ink colorant samples using multimodal imaging and reflectance spectroscopy''' [https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-019-0330-6 Research article]
:Tana Villafana and Gwenanne Edwards, 2019.

*'''A blue can conceal another! Noninvasive multispectroscopic analyses of mixtures of indigo and Prussian blue''' [https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22467 Link]
:Carole Biron, Aurélie Mounier, Gwénaëlle Le Bourdon, Laurent Servant, Rémy Chapoulie, and Floréal Daniel, 2019.

*'''Non-Invasive Identification of Dyes and Pigments in Japanese Woodblock Prints by Katsushika Hokusai''' [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337926692_Japonske_drevorezy_Kacusiky_Hokusaie_Neinvazivni_identifikace_barviv_a_pigmentu_Non-Invasive_Identification_of_Dyes_and_Pigments_in_Japanese_Woodblock_Prints_by_Katsushika_Hokusai Link]
:Radka Sĕfců, 2019.

*'''Japanese Woodblock Prints and Collectors in the Czech Lands''' [https://www.academia.edu/41490474/Japanese_Woodblock_Prints_and_Collectors_in_the_Czech_Lands Link]
:Markéta Hánová, 2019.

*'''Beyond the connoisseurship approach: creating a chronology in Hokusai prints using non-invasive techniques and multivariate data analysis''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40494-020-00406-y Research article]
:Marc Vermeulen, Lucia Burgio, Nathalie Vandeperre, Elyse Driscoll, Madeleine Viljoen, Janie Woo and Marco Leona, 2020.

*'''Revealing the colours of ukiyo-e prints by short wave infrared range hyperspectral imaging (SWIR)''' [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104782 Link]
:Carole Biron, Aurélie Mounier, Gwénaëlle Le Bourdon, Laurent Servant, Rémy Chapoulie, and Floréal Daniel, 2020.

*'''Non-invasive identification of pigments in Japanese coloured photographs''' [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105017 Link]
:Laura Rampazzi, Valentina Brunello, Francesco Paolo Campione, Cristina Corti, Ludovico Geminiani, Sandro Recchia, and Moira Luraschi

*'''Multi-analytic characterization of colorants in two impressions of an Utagawa Toyoharu perspective print''' [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.04.016 Link]
:Gwenanne Edwards and Tana Villafana, 2020.

*'''Integrating liquid chromatography mass spectrometry into an analytical protocol for the identification of organic colorants in Japanese woodblock prints''' [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77959-2 Research article]
:Marc Vermeulen, Diego Tamburini, Emily M. K. Müller, Silvia A. Centeno, Elena Basso, and Marco Leona, 2020.

*'''Establishing the production chronology of the iconic Japanese woodblock print ‘Red Fuji’''' [https://www.openscience.fr/IMG/pdf/iste_artsci21v5n1_2.pdf PDF]
:Capucine Korenberg, Michele Derrick, Lucía Pereira Pardo, and Ryoko Matsuba, 2021.

*'''The Change in the Blue Colorants Used in the Making of Green and Purple Colors in Nishiki-e''' (錦絵の緑・紫の混色表現における青色色材の変遷について) [https://rekihaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2821/files/kenkyuhokoku_230_10.pdf PDF]
:Asuka Yamato, 2021. In Japanese.

*'''From Materials to Technique: A Complete Non-Invasive Investigation of a Group of Six Ukiyo-E Japanese Woodblock Prints of the Oriental Art Museum E. Chiossone (Genoa, Italy)''' [https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228772 Research article]
:Marco Gargano, Margherita Longoni, Valeria Pesce, Maria Chiara Palandri, Aurora Canepari, Nicola Ludwig, and Silvia Bruni, 2022.

*'''The Colorful World of Ukiyo-e''' [https://www.loc.gov/ghe/cascade/index.html?appid=2ea96b5ec90e4378a363c01d10131192 Library website]
:Gwenanne Edwards and Chloe Joyner

Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-18T20:08:49Z

MAdachi: /* Images of Calcium carbonate */

[[File:SC155045.jpg|right|400px|link=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/207552/kamakura-village-from-an-untitled-series-of-westernstyle-l?ctx=1be86594-d25a-458d-827f-8e5dc3048977&idx=0|Kamakura Village by Katsushika Hokusai]]

'''[[Calcium carbonate]]''' 胡粉 (''gofun''): A white powder that can occur in three crystalline forms: [[Calcite|calcite]] (hexagonal-rhombohedral), [[Aragonite|aragonite]] (orthorhombic) and [[vaterite]]. Calcium carbonate occurs naturally in many forms such as [[Chalk|chalk]], [[Limestone|limestone]], [[Marble|marble]] and [[seashell|sea shells]]. In Japan, the source is sea shells. 

Calcium carbonate can be difficult to confirm as a printed color since the water used in papermaking can have a high concentrations of calcium; also it was sometimes used as an additive in the paper.

Calcium carbonate has been found mixed with [[:Category:Carbon black:Ukiyo-e colorant|carbon black]] to create a wide range of gray tones that can appear as a pale blue color. Extensive use of calcium carbonate is found on Harunobu’s ''mizu-e'' (水絵) or water prints of the 1760s which are images printed with no or faintly printed outlines. Sometimes calcium carbonate, like [[:Category:Lead white: Ukiyo-e colorant|lead white]] was spattered across the surface of a completed print in order to approximate the appearance of snow or sea spray.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Calcium carbonate]]
 
 

== Examples of Calcium carbonate in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect calcium (Ca), which in a white area, is an indication for the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
CHSOS XRF of Chalk.jpg|<center>XRF plot for Chalk</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Calcium carbonate ==
<gallery>
Gofun.jpg|Gofun, by Musashino Art University|link=http://zokeifile.musabi.ac.jp/%e8%83%a1%e7%b2%89/
Oyster shells.jpg|Weathered oyster shells (''Ostrea denselamellosa''), by Central Japan Railway Company|link=https://souda-kyoto.jp/blog/00260.html
Scallop_shell.jpg|Weathered scallop shells and gofun, by Uebaesou Co., Ltd.|link=https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005542.jpg|Calcium carbonate, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323745
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where calcium carbonate was detected.

File:Scallop shell.jpg

2024-08-18T20:07:44Z

MAdachi: /* Summary */

== Summary ==
Photo credit: Uebaesou Co., Ltd.

https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html

File:Scallop shell.jpg

2024-08-18T20:07:18Z

MAdachi: Photo credit: Uebaesou Co., Ltd. https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html

== Summary ==
Photo credit: Uebaesou Co., Ltd.
https://www.ueba.co.jp/fun/color/43102.html

Bunchō, Actor Ichimura Uzaemon IX as Yoshiie, 34.333

2024-08-18T05:11:44Z

MAdachi: /* Summary */

[[File:SC207223-pt.jpg|right|x700px]]

Actor Ichimura Uzaemon IX as Yoshiie

九代目市村宇左衛門の義家

Ippitsusai Bunchô (active about 1765–1792)

Edo period 1768 (Meiwa 5), 11th month

''for more information see:''

[https://collections.mfa.org/objects/246328 MFA Online Collections Database]

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Analysis point !! Image !! Method !! Results
|-
| Pt 1 || [[File:34.333-pt1.png|50px|center]] || ||turmeric
|-
| Pt 2 || [[File:34.333-pt2.png|50px|center]] || ||dayflower, turmeric
|-
| Pt 3 || [[File:34.333-pt3.png|50px|center]] || ||safflower
|-
| Pt 4 || [[File:34.333-pt4.png|50px|center]] || ||dayflower
|-
| Pt 5 || [[File:34.333-pt5.png|50px|center]] || ||madder, safflower
|-
| Pt 6 || [[File:34.333-pt6.png|50px|center]] || ||safflower
|-
| Pt 7 || [[File:34.333-pt7.png|50px|center]] || ||dayflower
|-
| Pt 8 || [[File:34.333-pt8.png|50px|center]] || ||safflower
|-
| Pt 9 || [[File:34.333-pt9.png|50px|center]] || ||turmeric
|-
| Pt 10 || [[File:34.333-pt10.png|50px|center]] || ||lead white
|}
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.

[[Category:Ippitsusai Bunchō (一筆斎文調) active about 1765–1792]]
[[Category:Lead white: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant]]

Category:Iron Oxide Red: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-18T05:09:38Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC129706.jpg|right|300px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Utagawa Hiroshige I]]

'''[[Hematite|Iron oxide red]]''' 弁柄 (''bengara''): A natural colorant derived from hematite, a metallic black-gray or dark red mineral primarily composed of [[ferric oxide|iron oxide]] or from [[Red ocher|red ochre]], an earth pigment containing hematite, clay, and silica. Red ochre can also be made by roasting yellow ochre. While the type of iron oxide red used in ''ukiyo-e'' prints has not been identified, the most likely source is a manufactured iron oxide red. During the Edo period (1603–1868), ''rōha bengara'' (ローハベンガラ) and ''tettan bengara'' (鉄丹ベンガラ) were manufactured. ''Rōha bengara'' was made by roasting [[melanterite]] (rōha or ryokuban 緑礬), an iron sulphate that naturally forms or is artificially produced from an iron sulphide byproduct of copper mining. After the roasting process, it was crushed and levigated to produce fine particles of iron oxide red. Manufactured in Fukiya, it appears to have dominated the market and is known to have been used in porcelain, such as Arita ware and lacquerware. ''Tettan bengara'' was made from burning rusted iron scraps and was considered to be of lesser quality than ''rōha bengara''.

Iron oxide red has been the most commonly found brown whether used alone or in mixtures. When printed, it appears dense and opaque. Iron oxide red has been found on early hand-colored to full-color prints throughout the Edo period. The color can range from a bright light red to a deep almost maroon brown.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Hematite]], [[Ferric oxide]], [[Red ochre]]
 
 

== Examples of Iron oxide red in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13344-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344|Pt 4: Hand colored Okumura
Masanobu, 11.13344]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19316-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316|Pt 6: Printed Ippitsusai Bunchō, 11.19316]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.17946-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946|Pt 4: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.17946]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.6756-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756|Pt 2: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 21.6756]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.36360-pt7-detail.png|200px|link=Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360|Pt 7: Printed Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 11.36360]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect iron (Fe). When it is found in a red/brown area, it is an indication for the presence of iron oxide red (Fe2O3).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide8_FC72.PNG|<center>XRF spectrum of Iron oxide red</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Iron oxide red==
<gallery>
File:Hematiteemr1.jpg|Hematite
File:Hematiteemr2.jpg|Hematite
File:6869 hematite_2up.jpg|Hematite
File:120 iron oxide red.jpg|Ferric oxide
File:23_Red_ocher_200X.jpg|Red ocher
File:Ironoxidered.jpg|Iron oxide red
File:Printed bengara-cropped.jpg|Printed iron oxide red
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005548.jpg|Red ochre, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323748
File:S2pXfCsMudQ-SD.jpg|Future of bengara (video), by Science Channel (JST)|link=https://youtu.be/s2pXfCsMudQ?si=mL-3R4O4ZpGFDRCz&t=42
File:20464300.jpg|Ochres (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11172
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where iron oxide red was detected.

Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 34.336

2024-08-18T04:58:57Z

MAdachi: /* Summary */

[[File:SC217646-pt.jpg|right|x700px]]

Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves (Wakana hatsu ishô)

「若那初衣装　竹屋哥巻　ふたは　みとり」

Chôbunsai Eishi (1756–1829)

Publisher: Nishimuraya Yohachi (Eijudô)

Edo period about 1795–96 (Kansei 7–8)

Other impressions: [[Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912|'''21.4912''']]

''for more information see:''

[https://collections.mfa.org/objects/246420 MFA Online Collections Database]

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Analysis point !! Image !! Method !! Results
|-
| Pt 1 || [[File:34.336-pt1.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM ||orpiment
|-
| Pt 2 || [[File:34.336-pt2.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||iron oxide yellow
|-
| Pt 3 || [[File:34.336-pt3.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM ||iron oxide yellow
|-
| Pt 4 || [[File:34.336-pt4.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||indigo, orpiment
|-
| Pt 5 || [[File:34.336-pt5.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||cochineal
|-
| Pt 6 || [[File:34.336-pt6.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||indigo, iron oxide red
|-
| Pt 7 || [[File:34.336-pt7.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||cochineal
|-
| Pt 8 || [[File:34.336-pt8.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM ||orpiment
|-
| Pt 9 || [[File:34.336-pt9.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||cochineal
|-
| Pt 10 || [[File:34.336-pt10.png|50px|center]] ||XRF ||mica
|}
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis.

[[Category:Chōbunsai Eishi (鳥文斎栄之) 1756–1829]]
[[Category:Indigo/Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Iron Oxide Yellow: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Mica: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Other Purples: Ukiyo-e colorant]]

Category:Vermilion: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-18T04:47:22Z

MAdachi:

[[File:SC145786.jpg|right|300px|link=Hokkei, Goat Standing by a Plum Tree, 21.9277|Goat Standing by a Plum Tree by Totoya Hokkei]]

'''[[Vermilion]]''' 朱 (''shu''): A bright red pigment composed of synthetically prepared red mercuric sulfide. Vermilion is chemically identical to the mineral [[Cinnabar|cinnabar]] (辰砂 ''shinsha'').

Vermilion appears to have been rarely used as a colorant in ''ukiyo-e'' prints. In the mid-1800s it seems to have been mixed with [[:Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant|madder]] to create a darker red color mostly seen used on cartouches. Although not part of the printing matrix, vermilion is also found in collector's seals often found on ''surimono'' prints (摺物). Vermilion is the commonly used red ink for seals.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Vermilion]]
 
 

== Examples of Vermilion in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:21.9277-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Hokkei, Goat Standing by a Plum Tree, 21.9277]]
|-
|
[[File:219277-Pt2-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hokkei, Goat Standing by a Plum Tree, 21.9277|Pt 2: Printed Totoya Hokkei, 21.9277]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:1116773-Pt7-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Hokusai, Woman Buying Songbirds, from the series A Collection of Dances, 11.16773|Pt 7: Vermilion Katsushika Hokusai, 11.16773]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Pt 4: Brass flakes Torii Kiyomasu II, 58.343]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect mercury (Hg). When found in a red area, it is an indication for the presence of vermilion (HgS).
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
219277-Pt2-XRF.jpg|<center>XRF spectrum for Vermilion</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Vermilion==
<gallery>
File:171 vermilion.jpg|Vermilion
File:vermilion C100x.jpg|Vermilion
File:27_Vermillion_red_200X.jpg|Vermilion at 200x
File:printed vermilion-cropped.jpg|Printed vermilion
File:NMAH-AHB2017q005546.jpg|Vermilion, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323747
File:20464169.jpg|Vermilion (audio), by Harvard Art Museums|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11160
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where vermilion was detected.

Category:Mica: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-18T04:45:34Z

MAdachi: /* Analysis */

[[File:SC228226.jpg|right|250px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|The Heron Maiden by Kitagawa Utamaro I]]

'''[[Mica]]''' 雲母 (''kira'' or ''unmo''): A group of silicate minerals that cleave into thin, flexible sheets. Mica can appear in a variety of tones depending on its origin and preparation. Mica appears to have been domestically available as well as through trade. Good quality mica was known to have been mined in Mikawa (present day eastern Aichi). It is ground into a powder for use on ''ukiyo-e'' prints. Powdered mica can be printed or sprinkled to create a shimmering effect. Paste or animal glue (膠 ''nikawa'') would be used to affix the mica. On its own it is a pearlescent white but mica can also be mixed with a colorant to make colored mica. Pink, mica and a red colorant or dark gray, mica and carbon black are the commonly found colored micas. It can also be found applied over a printed color.

Large fields of mica appears most frequently on prints made during the late 18th century that depicted actors and beautiful women where it was used on the background to highlight the figure.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Mica]]
 
 

== Examples of Mica in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt9-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:1114364-Pt9-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 9: Mica Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14674-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674]]
|-
|
[[File:1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674|Pt 6: Dark gray mica Tōshūsai Sharaku, 11.14674]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.269a-b-pt11-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, Kitchen Scene, 34.269a-b]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Utamaro I, Kitchen Scene, 34.269a-b|Pt 11: Mica overprint Kitagawa Utamaro I, 34.269a-b]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912|Pt 10: Sprinkled mica Chōbunsai Eishi, 21.4912]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.15095-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095|Pt 4: Mica Utagawa Kunisada, 11.15095]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). In conjunction with visual inspection, it is an indication for the presence of mica.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|<center>XRF spectrum for Mica</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Mica==
<gallery>
File:Muskovit-Pilsak.jpg|Mica (muscovite)
File:Kiramica C100x.jpg|Mica powder at 100x
File:Mica powder.jpg|Mica powder
File:Printed mica-cropped.jpg|Printed mica
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where mica was detected.

Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21

2024-08-18T04:32:47Z

MAdachi: /* Summary */

[[File:SC217647-pt.jpg|right|x700px]]

Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals (Seirô bijin Rokkasen)

「青楼美人六花仙　静玉屋志津加」

Chôbunsai Eishi (1756–1829)

Publisher: Nishimuraya Yohachi (Eijudô)

Edo period about 1794–95 (Kansei 6–7)

Other impressions: [[Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 21.4917|'''21.4917''']]

''for more information see:''

[https://collections.mfa.org/objects/255839 MFA Online Collections Database]

== Summary ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Analysis point !! Image !! Method !! Results
|-
| Pt 1 || [[File:53.21-pt1.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM ||flavonoid, orpiment
|-
| Pt 2 || [[File:53.21-pt2.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||safflower
|-
| Pt 3 || [[File:53.21-pt3.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM ||flavonoid, orpiment
|-
| Pt 4 || [[File:53.21-pt4.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||dayflower, safflower
|-
| Pt 5 || [[File:53.21-pt5.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||madder, safflower
|-
| Pt 6 || [[File:53.21-pt6.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM ||calcium carbonate, flavonoid
|-
| Pt 7 || [[File:53.21-pt7.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, FORS ||safflower
|-
| Pt 8 || [[File:53.21-pt8.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, ||safflower
|-
| Pt 9 || [[File:53.21-pt9.png|50px|center]] ||XRF, EEM, ||nothing identified
|}
Note: The center of the circle is point of analysis. For more information on the analytical methods, see [[More on the data]].

[[Category:Chōbunsai Eishi (鳥文斎栄之) 1756–1829]]
[[Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Dayflower/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Flavonoids: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Orpiment: Ukiyo-e colorant]]
[[Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant]]

[[File:Colorwheel2.png|40px|link=[[Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]]]]

More on the data

2024-08-18T04:32:06Z

MAdachi: /* What colors cannot be identified? */

[[File:Colorsamples.jpg|350px|right|Colorant samples]]
For this research non-invasive, non-destructive techniques that do not require sampling from the prints were used to analyze the colorants. The analytical techniques used are X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM), and Fiber Optic Reflectance (FORS) spectroscopies. Colorant samples were also formulated and printed using organic and inorganic materials traditionally believed to have been used during the Edo period (1603–1868). These were used to cross reference the analytical results. These methods, in conjunction with visual inspection, were then used to identify the colorants.

==Analytical Methods==
===What is XRF?===
[[File:MFA XRF instrument.jpg|thumb|XRF analysis using an open architecture Bruker ARTAX]]

[[X-ray_fluorescence_(XRF) spectroscopy|X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy]] is a nondestructive analytical method used to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. The x-ray spectrum emitted from each element has a unique set of energies that are related to the type and number of atoms present in the sample. For this research, ARTAX open-architecture instrument was used.

XRF is used to identify inorganic colorants based on their inorganic element composition. For example, orpiment can be identified using XRF because it can detect the arsenic in orpiment, which is an arsenic trisulfide. In combination with visual inspection (yellow color) it can be identified as orpiment because it is the only known yellow colorant with arsenic.

Since most XRF cannot detect atomic elements below calcium (i.e. all elements with a smaller atomic number than calcium on the periodic table), it cannot aid in the identification of organic colorants.

===What is EEM?===
[[File:MFA EEM.jpg|thumb|EEM analysis of colorants using an Agilent Cary Eclipse Spectrometer with a fiber optic probe]]

[[Excitation emission matrix (EEM)|Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy]] is a method that results in a 3D pattern of the fluorescence of an organic material. The pattern is produced by plotting the intensity of a sample’s fluorescence emissions occurring as a series of stepped excitation wavelengths. Each material has a reproducible 3D fluorescence pattern that allows its identification. Even the lack of fluorescence, which indicates the material is non-fluorescent, also provides a key piece of information for identification of a colorant. The reference colorant samples were printed to create a set of baseline patterns for each colorant. EEM was used to identify some organic yellow and and most red colorants. For this research, an Agilent Cary Eclipse Spectrometer with a fiber optic probe was used.
{|style="float:left; margin-right: 10px;"
| [[File:Derrick Fluorescence reds max.jpg|150px|Excitation and emission maxima for safflower, madder, and sappanwood]]
|-
|Excitation and emission maxima of the three red colorants
|-
|[[File:MFA EEM reds on print.jpg|150px|3-dimensional EEM spectra of three red colorants]]
|-
|3D EEM plots of the three red colorants
|}
Excitation can occur at many wavelengths. When the instrument is set to scan through several excitation wavelengths, it can determine which wavelength excites the most molecules to fluoresce. This is called the Excitation maxima. Exposing the material to this maximum excitation wavelength, the emitted fluorescence or the emission curve can be measured and the point with the highest emission is called the Emission max. The Excitation and Emission maxima of the three reds, safflower, madder, and sappanwood are distinct (see left). Thus the three reds can be distinguished by their fluorescence measurements. The Emission maxima for safflower is in the yellow-orange region, madder is in the orange region, and sappanwood is in the orange-red region.

EEM has been easiest for identifying the reds when the spectral data is shown as a 3-dimensional plot, even in mixtures, where the excitation wavelength is given on the vertical axis and the emission wavelength on the horizontal access. The intensity of the absorption or emission is given by the color with dark red being the most intense. The angled bar on the plot is where the excitation and emission wavelengths are identical, thus the detector is saturated at these points. Shown on the left are the 3D EEM plots for safflower, madder, and sappanwood with their individually distinct patterns.

Additionally some of the yellow in ''ukiyo-e'' prints also fluoresce. For example, turmeric has a unique fluorescence or EEM pattern, making it an easily identifiable colorant using EEM. However, some of the other organic yellow colorants such as Japanese pagoda tree (''enju'') and gardenia (''kuchinashi'') which belong to a general chemical class known as flavonoids is difficult to reliably differentiate.
 
 

===What is FORS?===
[[File:MFA FORS Blue spectra.jpg|thumb|FORS spectra for dayflower and indigo]]
[[Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)|Fiber Optics Reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)]] is a non-invasive technique that can be used for the examination of color as well as for the identification of colorants. FORS uses a fiber optic probe and a pulsed xenon source to provide good sensitivity, examine small areas, and minimize the interference from ambient light. For this research, an Ocean Optics miniature spectrometer was used.

FORS is able to distinguish between the three common blue colorants used in Japanese woodblock prints: dayflower, indigo, and Prussian blue. This can be accomplished, not only in blue printed areas, but also in greens and purples, which are a combination of a blue and another colorant (yellow, red). FORS is not useful in identifying yellow or red organic colorants.

==How to look at the results==
The results presented in this database are based on the three analytical methods mentioned above: XRF, FORS, and EEM. XRF was run on all data points, but FORS and EEM were utilized according to the visual color as well as speculated color. For example, FORS was run where blue was speculated (i.e. blues, greens, purples, and faded variations), but would not have been run on yellows or reds. Also, at this time other analytical or photographic methods that can also aid in the identification of colorants have not been used. Therefore, the results are not all-encompassing and/or definitive.

===Results===
'''Example:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 30px;"
|-
! Analysis point !! Image !! Method !! Results
|-
| Pt 1 || [[File:53.21-pt1.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF || orpiment (EEM to be run)
|-
| Pt 2 || [[File:53.21-pt2.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || inconclusive
|-
| Pt 3 || [[File:53.21-pt3.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || orpiment, turmeric
|-
| Pt 4 || [[File:11.14267-pt2.jpg|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || safflower (FORS to be run)
|-
| Pt 5 || [[File:11.17878-pt1.jpg|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, FORS || indigo
|}
* Analysis point: Each point corresponds to its circle on the print image, which is where the data was collected using the specified analytical methods.
* Image: This is a 10x image collected by the XRF spectrometer that shows the region of analysis.
* Method: This indicates which analytical methods were used on the region of analysis.
* Results: -The colorants are interpreted from the collected data in conjunction with visual inspection. For example, if arsenic is detected in a yellow area, it is interpreted as orpiment (arsenic trisulfide).

:-If more than one colorant is identified, they are listed in alphabetical order.

:-"Inconclusive" indicates that the data collected was not conclusive enough to identify a colorant.

:-The additional comment, for example in Pt 1 and Pt 4, indicates that the specified analytical method is scheduled to be conducted in the future. Additionally, Pt 4 is visually a purple color which suggests that it was most likely created from a red and blue colorant but only a red color is listed. This is because FORS which is used to identify blue colorants has not be run; hence the comment, (FORS to be run). If FORS is run in the future and a blue colorant is identified, the result will be updated, but if a blue colorant cannot be identified, the result will only reflect the identified colorant, safflower. For more detail, please see "faded colors" below.

===Raw data===
The below spectra and pattern are examples of the raw data collected by each analytical method. These data are interpreted by conservation scientists experienced in the particular analytical technique to identify the colorant. As such, only the interpreted results, not the raw data, are given for each print.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide4 FC334.PNG|<center>XRF spectrum of Orpiment</center>
Safflower color.PNG|<center>3D EEM pattern of Safflower</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo</center>
</gallery>

===What colors cannot be identified?===
*Faded colors are a challenge and at times not all colors can be fully detected. Although visual observation may give a clue to the colorant or colorants present, only the results from the analytical methods are given. Therefore, if only one colorant of a mixture/overprinting was detected although visually the color is identifiable as a mixture/overprinting, only the detected color is presented in the results. In most cases, XRF, EEM, and FORS still pick up faded colors, but all three techniques are restricted by their detection limits as well as the presence of any fillers and fluorescence in the paper itself.

*[[Flavonoid|Flavonoids]] are also a challenge. This group of organic yellow colorants containing flavonoids cannot be reliably distinguished from one another with the three analytical methods used in this research. While FTIR reflection spectroscopy has been used to differentiate the flavonoids (see [[Bibliography]]) this analytical method was not carried out for this research. Dayflower which can shift to a greenish blue, yellow, or tan, also has a similar EEM fluorescence to the flavonoids once it discolors. Luckily, most times the presence of dayflower can be visually distinguished from the other flavonoids and/or FORS analysis can still detect its presence.

*red lead/lead white

*[[Carbon black]] cannot be detected via the three analytical methods and was not actively pursued during this research. Therefore, carbon black used as a color (black, gray, or blue gray) or mixed with another color is not identified in this database.

*[[Orpiment]] can have different structural forms due to the way it is prepared; directly by grinding the mineral orpiment (natural orpiment) or by heat treating to create a mixture of crystalline and amphorus form (processed orpiment), and synthetic orpiment. The mineral orpiment and synthetic orpiment both have been found in ''ukiyo-e'' prints (see [[Bibliography]]). The identification of these different structural forms of orpiment requires the use of [[Raman spectroscopy]] which was not conducted for this research.

*[[Mica]] While XRF spectroscopy and visual inspection is used to determine the presence of mica,

==Japanese terms for color and materials==
Throughout history, many of the colors and materials have had multiple names and still may have multiple names associated with them. For this database, we have tried to use the most common currently-used name for the raw material used to produce the color. For example, orpiment (石黄) ''sekiō'' is also commonly called ''kiō''. It has also been called ''yūō'' (雄黄) which is actually the Chinese word for realgar, while the Chinese term for orpiment, 雌黄 (''shiō'' in Japanese) has been also used to describe orpiment as well as gamboge.

[[File:Colorwheel2.png|40px|link=Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]] [[Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]]

Category:Mica: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-18T04:24:50Z

MAdachi: /* Analysis */

[[File:SC228226.jpg|right|250px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|The Heron Maiden by Kitagawa Utamaro I]]

'''[[Mica]]''' 雲母 (''kira'' or ''unmo''): A group of silicate minerals that cleave into thin, flexible sheets. Mica can appear in a variety of tones depending on its origin and preparation. Mica appears to have been domestically available as well as through trade. Good quality mica was known to have been mined in Mikawa (present day eastern Aichi). It is ground into a powder for use on ''ukiyo-e'' prints. Powdered mica can be printed or sprinkled to create a shimmering effect. Paste or animal glue (膠 ''nikawa'') would be used to affix the mica. On its own it is a pearlescent white but mica can also be mixed with a colorant to make colored mica. Pink, mica and a red colorant or dark gray, mica and carbon black are the commonly found colored micas. It can also be found applied over a printed color.

Large fields of mica appears most frequently on prints made during the late 18th century that depicted actors and beautiful women where it was used on the background to highlight the figure.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Mica]]
 
 

== Examples of Mica in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14364-pt9-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364]]
|-
|
[[File:1114364-Pt9-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364|Pt 9: Mica Kitagawa Utamaro I, 11.14364]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.14674-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674]]
|-
|
[[File:1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|200px]] [[Sharaku, Actor Osagawa Tsuneyo II as Ippei's Older Sister Osan, 11.14674|Pt 6: Dark gray mica Tōshūsai Sharaku, 11.14674]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:34.269a-b-pt11-detail.png|200px|link=Utamaro I, Kitchen Scene, 34.269a-b]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Utamaro I, Kitchen Scene, 34.269a-b|Pt 11: Mica overprint Kitagawa Utamaro I, 34.269a-b]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px|link=Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912|Pt 10: Sprinkled mica Chōbunsai Eishi, 21.4912]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.15095-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095|Pt 4: Mica Utagawa Kunisada, 11.15095]]
|}

== Analysis ==
X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). In addition with visual inspection, it is an indication for the presence of mica.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
1114674-Pt6-XRF.jpg|<center>XRF spectrum for Mica</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Mica==
<gallery>
File:Muskovit-Pilsak.jpg|Mica (muscovite)
File:Kiramica C100x.jpg|Mica powder at 100x
File:Mica powder.jpg|Mica powder
File:Printed mica-cropped.jpg|Printed mica
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where mica was detected.

More on the data

2024-08-16T04:43:40Z

MAdachi: /* What colors cannot be identified? */

[[File:Colorsamples.jpg|350px|right|Colorant samples]]
For this research non-invasive, non-destructive techniques that do not require sampling from the prints were used to analyze the colorants. The analytical techniques used are X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM), and Fiber Optic Reflectance (FORS) spectroscopies. Colorant samples were also formulated and printed using organic and inorganic materials traditionally believed to have been used during the Edo period (1603–1868). These were used to cross reference the analytical results. These methods, in conjunction with visual inspection, were then used to identify the colorants.

==Analytical Methods==
===What is XRF?===
[[File:MFA XRF instrument.jpg|thumb|XRF analysis using an open architecture Bruker ARTAX]]

[[X-ray_fluorescence_(XRF) spectroscopy|X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy]] is a nondestructive analytical method used to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. The x-ray spectrum emitted from each element has a unique set of energies that are related to the type and number of atoms present in the sample. For this research, ARTAX open-architecture instrument was used.

XRF is used to identify inorganic colorants based on their inorganic element composition. For example, orpiment can be identified using XRF because it can detect the arsenic in orpiment, which is an arsenic trisulfide. In combination with visual inspection (yellow color) it can be identified as orpiment because it is the only known yellow colorant with arsenic.

Since most XRF cannot detect atomic elements below calcium (i.e. all elements with a smaller atomic number than calcium on the periodic table), it cannot aid in the identification of organic colorants.

===What is EEM?===
[[File:MFA EEM.jpg|thumb|EEM analysis of colorants using an Agilent Cary Eclipse Spectrometer with a fiber optic probe]]

[[Excitation emission matrix (EEM)|Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy]] is a method that results in a 3D pattern of the fluorescence of an organic material. The pattern is produced by plotting the intensity of a sample’s fluorescence emissions occurring as a series of stepped excitation wavelengths. Each material has a reproducible 3D fluorescence pattern that allows its identification. Even the lack of fluorescence, which indicates the material is non-fluorescent, also provides a key piece of information for identification of a colorant. The reference colorant samples were printed to create a set of baseline patterns for each colorant. EEM was used to identify some organic yellow and and most red colorants. For this research, an Agilent Cary Eclipse Spectrometer with a fiber optic probe was used.
{|style="float:left; margin-right: 10px;"
| [[File:Derrick Fluorescence reds max.jpg|150px|Excitation and emission maxima for safflower, madder, and sappanwood]]
|-
|Excitation and emission maxima of the three red colorants
|-
|[[File:MFA EEM reds on print.jpg|150px|3-dimensional EEM spectra of three red colorants]]
|-
|3D EEM plots of the three red colorants
|}
Excitation can occur at many wavelengths. When the instrument is set to scan through several excitation wavelengths, it can determine which wavelength excites the most molecules to fluoresce. This is called the Excitation maxima. Exposing the material to this maximum excitation wavelength, the emitted fluorescence or the emission curve can be measured and the point with the highest emission is called the Emission max. The Excitation and Emission maxima of the three reds, safflower, madder, and sappanwood are distinct (see left). Thus the three reds can be distinguished by their fluorescence measurements. The Emission maxima for safflower is in the yellow-orange region, madder is in the orange region, and sappanwood is in the orange-red region.

EEM has been easiest for identifying the reds when the spectral data is shown as a 3-dimensional plot, even in mixtures, where the excitation wavelength is given on the vertical axis and the emission wavelength on the horizontal access. The intensity of the absorption or emission is given by the color with dark red being the most intense. The angled bar on the plot is where the excitation and emission wavelengths are identical, thus the detector is saturated at these points. Shown on the left are the 3D EEM plots for safflower, madder, and sappanwood with their individually distinct patterns.

Additionally some of the yellow in ''ukiyo-e'' prints also fluoresce. For example, turmeric has a unique fluorescence or EEM pattern, making it an easily identifiable colorant using EEM. However, some of the other organic yellow colorants such as Japanese pagoda tree (''enju'') and gardenia (''kuchinashi'') which belong to a general chemical class known as flavonoids is difficult to reliably differentiate.
 
 

===What is FORS?===
[[File:MFA FORS Blue spectra.jpg|thumb|FORS spectra for dayflower and indigo]]
[[Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)|Fiber Optics Reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)]] is a non-invasive technique that can be used for the examination of color as well as for the identification of colorants. FORS uses a fiber optic probe and a pulsed xenon source to provide good sensitivity, examine small areas, and minimize the interference from ambient light. For this research, an Ocean Optics miniature spectrometer was used.

FORS is able to distinguish between the three common blue colorants used in Japanese woodblock prints: dayflower, indigo, and Prussian blue. This can be accomplished, not only in blue printed areas, but also in greens and purples, which are a combination of a blue and another colorant (yellow, red). FORS is not useful in identifying yellow or red organic colorants.

==How to look at the results==
The results presented in this database are based on the three analytical methods mentioned above: XRF, FORS, and EEM. XRF was run on all data points, but FORS and EEM were utilized according to the visual color as well as speculated color. For example, FORS was run where blue was speculated (i.e. blues, greens, purples, and faded variations), but would not have been run on yellows or reds. Also, at this time other analytical or photographic methods that can also aid in the identification of colorants have not been used. Therefore, the results are not all-encompassing and/or definitive.

===Results===
'''Example:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 30px;"
|-
! Analysis point !! Image !! Method !! Results
|-
| Pt 1 || [[File:53.21-pt1.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF || orpiment (EEM to be run)
|-
| Pt 2 || [[File:53.21-pt2.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || inconclusive
|-
| Pt 3 || [[File:53.21-pt3.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || orpiment, turmeric
|-
| Pt 4 || [[File:11.14267-pt2.jpg|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || safflower (FORS to be run)
|-
| Pt 5 || [[File:11.17878-pt1.jpg|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, FORS || indigo
|}
* Analysis point: Each point corresponds to its circle on the print image, which is where the data was collected using the specified analytical methods.
* Image: This is a 10x image collected by the XRF spectrometer that shows the region of analysis.
* Method: This indicates which analytical methods were used on the region of analysis.
* Results: -The colorants are interpreted from the collected data in conjunction with visual inspection. For example, if arsenic is detected in a yellow area, it is interpreted as orpiment (arsenic trisulfide).

:-If more than one colorant is identified, they are listed in alphabetical order.

:-"Inconclusive" indicates that the data collected was not conclusive enough to identify a colorant.

:-The additional comment, for example in Pt 1 and Pt 4, indicates that the specified analytical method is scheduled to be conducted in the future. Additionally, Pt 4 is visually a purple color which suggests that it was most likely created from a red and blue colorant but only a red color is listed. This is because FORS which is used to identify blue colorants has not be run; hence the comment, (FORS to be run). If FORS is run in the future and a blue colorant is identified, the result will be updated, but if a blue colorant cannot be identified, the result will only reflect the identified colorant, safflower. For more detail, please see "faded colors" below.

===Raw data===
The below spectra and pattern are examples of the raw data collected by each analytical method. These data are interpreted by conservation scientists experienced in the particular analytical technique to identify the colorant. As such, only the interpreted results, not the raw data, are given for each print.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide4 FC334.PNG|<center>XRF spectrum of Orpiment</center>
Safflower color.PNG|<center>3D EEM pattern of Safflower</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo</center>
</gallery>

===What colors cannot be identified?===
*Faded colors are a challenge and at times not all colors can be fully detected. Although visual observation may give a clue to the colorant or colorants present, only the results from the analytical methods are given. Therefore, if only one colorant of a mixture/overprinting was detected although visually the color is identifiable as a mixture/overprinting, only the detected color is presented in the results. In most cases, XRF, EEM, and FORS still pick up faded colors, but all three techniques are restricted by their detection limits as well as the presence of any fillers and fluorescence in the paper itself.

*[[Flavonoid|Flavonoids]] are also a challenge. This group of organic yellow colorants containing flavonoids cannot be reliably distinguished from one another with the three analytical methods used in this research. While FTIR reflection spectroscopy has been used to differentiate the flavonoids (see [[Bibliography]]) this analytical method was not carried out for this research. Dayflower which can shift to a greenish blue, yellow, or tan, also has a similar EEM fluorescence to the flavonoids once it discolors. Luckily, most times the presence of dayflower can be visually distinguished from the other flavonoids and/or FORS analysis can still detect its presence.

*red lead/lead white

*[[Orpiment]] can have different structural forms due to the way it is prepared; directly by grinding the mineral orpiment (natural orpiment) or by heat treating to create a mixture of crystalline and amphorus form (processed orpiment), and synthetic orpiment. The mineral orpiment and synthetic orpiment both have been found in ''ukiyo-e'' prints (see [[Bibliography]]). The identification of these different structural forms of orpiment requires the use of [[Raman spectroscopy]] which was not conducted for this research.

*[[Carbon black]] cannot be detected via the three analytical methods and was not actively pursued during this research. Therefore, carbon black used as a color (black, gray, or blue gray) or mixed with another color is not identified in this database.

==Japanese terms for color and materials==
Throughout history, many of the colors and materials have had multiple names and still may have multiple names associated with them. For this database, we have tried to use the most common currently-used name for the raw material used to produce the color. For example, orpiment (石黄) ''sekiō'' is also commonly called ''kiō''. It has also been called ''yūō'' (雄黄) which is actually the Chinese word for realgar, while the Chinese term for orpiment, 雌黄 (''shiō'' in Japanese) has been also used to describe orpiment as well as gamboge.

[[File:Colorwheel2.png|40px|link=Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]] [[Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]]

More on the data

2024-08-16T04:43:05Z

MAdachi: /* What colors cannot be identified? */

[[File:Colorsamples.jpg|350px|right|Colorant samples]]
For this research non-invasive, non-destructive techniques that do not require sampling from the prints were used to analyze the colorants. The analytical techniques used are X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM), and Fiber Optic Reflectance (FORS) spectroscopies. Colorant samples were also formulated and printed using organic and inorganic materials traditionally believed to have been used during the Edo period (1603–1868). These were used to cross reference the analytical results. These methods, in conjunction with visual inspection, were then used to identify the colorants.

==Analytical Methods==
===What is XRF?===
[[File:MFA XRF instrument.jpg|thumb|XRF analysis using an open architecture Bruker ARTAX]]

[[X-ray_fluorescence_(XRF) spectroscopy|X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy]] is a nondestructive analytical method used to qualitatively and semi-quantitatively determine the elemental content of materials. The x-ray spectrum emitted from each element has a unique set of energies that are related to the type and number of atoms present in the sample. For this research, ARTAX open-architecture instrument was used.

XRF is used to identify inorganic colorants based on their inorganic element composition. For example, orpiment can be identified using XRF because it can detect the arsenic in orpiment, which is an arsenic trisulfide. In combination with visual inspection (yellow color) it can be identified as orpiment because it is the only known yellow colorant with arsenic.

Since most XRF cannot detect atomic elements below calcium (i.e. all elements with a smaller atomic number than calcium on the periodic table), it cannot aid in the identification of organic colorants.

===What is EEM?===
[[File:MFA EEM.jpg|thumb|EEM analysis of colorants using an Agilent Cary Eclipse Spectrometer with a fiber optic probe]]

[[Excitation emission matrix (EEM)|Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy]] is a method that results in a 3D pattern of the fluorescence of an organic material. The pattern is produced by plotting the intensity of a sample’s fluorescence emissions occurring as a series of stepped excitation wavelengths. Each material has a reproducible 3D fluorescence pattern that allows its identification. Even the lack of fluorescence, which indicates the material is non-fluorescent, also provides a key piece of information for identification of a colorant. The reference colorant samples were printed to create a set of baseline patterns for each colorant. EEM was used to identify some organic yellow and and most red colorants. For this research, an Agilent Cary Eclipse Spectrometer with a fiber optic probe was used.
{|style="float:left; margin-right: 10px;"
| [[File:Derrick Fluorescence reds max.jpg|150px|Excitation and emission maxima for safflower, madder, and sappanwood]]
|-
|Excitation and emission maxima of the three red colorants
|-
|[[File:MFA EEM reds on print.jpg|150px|3-dimensional EEM spectra of three red colorants]]
|-
|3D EEM plots of the three red colorants
|}
Excitation can occur at many wavelengths. When the instrument is set to scan through several excitation wavelengths, it can determine which wavelength excites the most molecules to fluoresce. This is called the Excitation maxima. Exposing the material to this maximum excitation wavelength, the emitted fluorescence or the emission curve can be measured and the point with the highest emission is called the Emission max. The Excitation and Emission maxima of the three reds, safflower, madder, and sappanwood are distinct (see left). Thus the three reds can be distinguished by their fluorescence measurements. The Emission maxima for safflower is in the yellow-orange region, madder is in the orange region, and sappanwood is in the orange-red region.

EEM has been easiest for identifying the reds when the spectral data is shown as a 3-dimensional plot, even in mixtures, where the excitation wavelength is given on the vertical axis and the emission wavelength on the horizontal access. The intensity of the absorption or emission is given by the color with dark red being the most intense. The angled bar on the plot is where the excitation and emission wavelengths are identical, thus the detector is saturated at these points. Shown on the left are the 3D EEM plots for safflower, madder, and sappanwood with their individually distinct patterns.

Additionally some of the yellow in ''ukiyo-e'' prints also fluoresce. For example, turmeric has a unique fluorescence or EEM pattern, making it an easily identifiable colorant using EEM. However, some of the other organic yellow colorants such as Japanese pagoda tree (''enju'') and gardenia (''kuchinashi'') which belong to a general chemical class known as flavonoids is difficult to reliably differentiate.
 
 

===What is FORS?===
[[File:MFA FORS Blue spectra.jpg|thumb|FORS spectra for dayflower and indigo]]
[[Fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)|Fiber Optics Reflectance spectroscopy (FORS)]] is a non-invasive technique that can be used for the examination of color as well as for the identification of colorants. FORS uses a fiber optic probe and a pulsed xenon source to provide good sensitivity, examine small areas, and minimize the interference from ambient light. For this research, an Ocean Optics miniature spectrometer was used.

FORS is able to distinguish between the three common blue colorants used in Japanese woodblock prints: dayflower, indigo, and Prussian blue. This can be accomplished, not only in blue printed areas, but also in greens and purples, which are a combination of a blue and another colorant (yellow, red). FORS is not useful in identifying yellow or red organic colorants.

==How to look at the results==
The results presented in this database are based on the three analytical methods mentioned above: XRF, FORS, and EEM. XRF was run on all data points, but FORS and EEM were utilized according to the visual color as well as speculated color. For example, FORS was run where blue was speculated (i.e. blues, greens, purples, and faded variations), but would not have been run on yellows or reds. Also, at this time other analytical or photographic methods that can also aid in the identification of colorants have not been used. Therefore, the results are not all-encompassing and/or definitive.

===Results===
'''Example:'''
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 30px;"
|-
! Analysis point !! Image !! Method !! Results
|-
| Pt 1 || [[File:53.21-pt1.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF || orpiment (EEM to be run)
|-
| Pt 2 || [[File:53.21-pt2.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || inconclusive
|-
| Pt 3 || [[File:53.21-pt3.png|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || orpiment, turmeric
|-
| Pt 4 || [[File:11.14267-pt2.jpg|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, EEM || safflower (FORS to be run)
|-
| Pt 5 || [[File:11.17878-pt1.jpg|link=|50px|center]] || XRF, FORS || indigo
|}
* Analysis point: Each point corresponds to its circle on the print image, which is where the data was collected using the specified analytical methods.
* Image: This is a 10x image collected by the XRF spectrometer that shows the region of analysis.
* Method: This indicates which analytical methods were used on the region of analysis.
* Results: -The colorants are interpreted from the collected data in conjunction with visual inspection. For example, if arsenic is detected in a yellow area, it is interpreted as orpiment (arsenic trisulfide).

:-If more than one colorant is identified, they are listed in alphabetical order.

:-"Inconclusive" indicates that the data collected was not conclusive enough to identify a colorant.

:-The additional comment, for example in Pt 1 and Pt 4, indicates that the specified analytical method is scheduled to be conducted in the future. Additionally, Pt 4 is visually a purple color which suggests that it was most likely created from a red and blue colorant but only a red color is listed. This is because FORS which is used to identify blue colorants has not be run; hence the comment, (FORS to be run). If FORS is run in the future and a blue colorant is identified, the result will be updated, but if a blue colorant cannot be identified, the result will only reflect the identified colorant, safflower. For more detail, please see "faded colors" below.

===Raw data===
The below spectra and pattern are examples of the raw data collected by each analytical method. These data are interpreted by conservation scientists experienced in the particular analytical technique to identify the colorant. As such, only the interpreted results, not the raw data, are given for each print.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left;">
Slide4 FC334.PNG|<center>XRF spectrum of Orpiment</center>
Safflower color.PNG|<center>3D EEM pattern of Safflower</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo</center>
</gallery>

===What colors cannot be identified?===
*Faded colors are a challenge and at times not all colors can be fully detected. Although visual observation may give a clue to the colorant or colorants present, only the results from the analytical methods are given. Therefore, if only one colorant of a mixture/overprinting was detected although visually the color is identifiable as a mixture/overprinting, only the detected color is presented in the results. In most cases, XRF, EEM, and FORS still pick up faded colors, but all three techniques are restricted by their detection limits as well as the presence of any fillers and fluorescence in the paper itself.

*[[Flavonoid|Flavonoids]] are also a challenge. This group of organic yellow colorants containing flavonoids cannot be reliably distinguished from one another with the three analytical methods used in this research. While FTIR reflection spectroscopy has been used to differentiate the flavonoids (see [[Bibliography]]) this analytical method was not carried out for this research. Dayflower which can shift to a greenish blue, yellow, or tan, also has a similar EEM fluorescence to the flavonoids once it discolors. Luckily, most times the presence of dayflower can be visually distinguished from the other flavonoids and/or FORS analysis can still detect its presence.

*red lead/lead white

*[[Orpiment]] can have different structural forms due to the way it is prepared; directly by grinding the mineral orpiment (natural orpiment) or by heat treating to create a mixture of crystalline and amphorus form (processed orpiment), and synthetic orpiment. The mineral orpiment and synthetic orpiment both have been found in ''ukiyo-e'' prints (see [[Bibliography]]). The identification of these different structural forms of orpiment requires the use of [[Raman spectroscopy]] which was not conducted for this research.

*[[Carbon black]] cannot be detected via the three analytical methods and was not actively pursued during this research. Therefore, carbon black used as a color (black, gray, or blue gray) or when mixed with another color is not identified in this database.

==Japanese terms for color and materials==
Throughout history, many of the colors and materials have had multiple names and still may have multiple names associated with them. For this database, we have tried to use the most common currently-used name for the raw material used to produce the color. For example, orpiment (石黄) ''sekiō'' is also commonly called ''kiō''. It has also been called ''yūō'' (雄黄) which is actually the Chinese word for realgar, while the Chinese term for orpiment, 雌黄 (''shiō'' in Japanese) has been also used to describe orpiment as well as gamboge.

[[File:Colorwheel2.png|40px|link=Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]] [[Ukiyo-e Print Colorant Database]]

Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-16T04:36:24Z

MAdachi: /* Examples of Dayflower in Ukiyo-e Prints */

[[File:SC145710.jpg|right|400px|link=Hokusai, Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves, from an untitled series of landscapes in Western style, 21.6678|Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves by Katsushika Hokusai]]

'''[[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]]''' 青花 (''aobana''): A blue dye extracted from the petals of ''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis'' (大帽子花
''ōbōshibana'') better known as ''aobana''. It is cultivated from the Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'') or ''tsukusa'' (露草) to produce a larger petal to yield more dye. The dye is brushed onto Japanese paper, which acts as the vehicle to retain a concentrated dye as well to prevent the oxidation of the dye. The dayflower dyed paper is known as ''aobanagami'' (青花紙) or ''aigami'' (藍紙). The blue colorant in dayflower is primarily commelinin. In addition to its use as a colorant in Japanese woodblock prints, it was commonly used to draw the underdrawing in yūzen dyeing. Dayflower and dayflower dyed paper was grown and made in the area of Kusatsu and continues to be made there today but only three farmer/producers remain.

Dayflower along with [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]] are the two blues used in Japanese woodblock prints before [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] entered the palette in the 1830s. Dayflower can appear bluish gray to greenish yellow to tan depending on its state of preservation. Highly water soluble, dayflower was frequently the last color to be printed. Its solubility also presented a special challenge to the printer since this feature makes it difficult to print uniform and sharply defined edges of design. Despite these challenges, dayflower appears to have been used more often than indigo.

Dayflower is also frequently mixed with a red extracted from [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]] to produce a variety of [[:Category:Dayflower/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|purples]]. [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|Dayflower with turmeric]] through mixing or overprinting to produce greens are often found in early prints of two to three colors.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(269_C)|Dayflower 269]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(270_C)|270]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_top_(271_T)|271]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319150-2 ''Commelina communis'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Dayflower in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 1: Printed Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20120-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120|Pt 4: Printed Suzuki Harunobu, 11.20120]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13880-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|Pt 5: Printed Torii Kiyonaga, 11.13880]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.809-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809|Pt 5: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 06.809]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.26691-2-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2|Pt 5: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.26691-2]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) can easily identify the three blues: dayflower, [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]], and [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]].
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:left">
Dayflower FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Dayflower reference</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo reference</center>
Prussian blue FORS.jpg|<center>FORS spectrum of Prussian blue reference</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Dayflower ==
<gallery>
File:Aobana.jpg|Cultivated dayflower (''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis Makino''), by Asiatic Dayflower|link=http://asiaticdayflower.blogspot.com/
File:Wilddayflower.jpg|Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'')
File:Aobanagami.jpg|Bundle of dayflower dyed paper, by Kusatsu-juku|link=https://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/kusatsujuku/gakumonjo/aobanagami.html
File:Dayflower extract.jpg||Dayflower paper and dye extracted from the paper
File:Dayflower blue dyed paper2.jpg|Paper dyed with dayflower
File:Printed dayflower-cropped.jpg|Printed dayflower
File:Dayflower paper tokuno.jpg|Dayflower paper, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323754
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where dayflower was detected.

Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant

2024-08-16T04:35:47Z

MAdachi: /* Examples of Dayflower in Ukiyo-e Prints */

[[File:SC145710.jpg|right|400px|link=Hokusai, Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves, from an untitled series of landscapes in Western style, 21.6678|Express Delivery Boats Rowing through Waves by Katsushika Hokusai]]

'''[[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]]''' 青花 (''aobana''): A blue dye extracted from the petals of ''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis'' (大帽子花
''ōbōshibana'') better known as ''aobana''. It is cultivated from the Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'') or ''tsukusa'' (露草) to produce a larger petal to yield more dye. The dye is brushed onto Japanese paper, which acts as the vehicle to retain a concentrated dye as well to prevent the oxidation of the dye. The dayflower dyed paper is known as ''aobanagami'' (青花紙) or ''aigami'' (藍紙). The blue colorant in dayflower is primarily commelinin. In addition to its use as a colorant in Japanese woodblock prints, it was commonly used to draw the underdrawing in yūzen dyeing. Dayflower and dayflower dyed paper was grown and made in the area of Kusatsu and continues to be made there today but only three farmer/producers remain.

Dayflower along with [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]] are the two blues used in Japanese woodblock prints before [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] entered the palette in the 1830s. Dayflower can appear bluish gray to greenish yellow to tan depending on its state of preservation. Highly water soluble, dayflower was frequently the last color to be printed. Its solubility also presented a special challenge to the printer since this feature makes it difficult to print uniform and sharply defined edges of design. Despite these challenges, dayflower appears to have been used more often than indigo.

Dayflower is also frequently mixed with a red extracted from [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]] to produce a variety of [[:Category:Dayflower/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|purples]]. [[:Category:Dayflower/Turmeric: Ukiyo-e colorant|Dayflower with turmeric]] through mixing or overprinting to produce greens are often found in early prints of two to three colors.

'''For additional information see:''' [[Dayflower blue|Dayflower]], Uemura Dye Archive: [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(269_C)|Dayflower 269]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_center_(270_C)|270]], [[Tsuki_kusa_(Dayflower)_-_top_(271_T)|271]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319150-2 ''Commelina communis'' (Kew)]
 
 

== Examples of Dayflower in Ukiyo-e Prints ==

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.19694-pt1-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694|Pt 1: Printeds Torii Kiyomitsu I, 11.19694]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.20120-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Harunobu, The Eleventh Month, from an untitled series of Twelve Months, 11.20120|Pt 4: Printeds Suzuki Harunobu, 11.20120]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.13880-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|Pt 5: Printed Torii Kiyonaga, 11.13880]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:06.809-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Hokusai, Crossing a Bridge, from the album Men's Stamping Dance, 06.809|Pt 5: Printed Katsushika Hokusai, 06.809]]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
|[[File:11.26691-2-pt5-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2]]
|-
|
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]] [[Eisen, Geisha at Night under Plum Blossoms, 11.26691-2|Pt 5: Printed Keisai Eisen, 11.26691-2]]
|}

== Analysis ==
Fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) can easily identify the three blues: dayflower, [[:Category:Indigo: Ukiyo-e colorant|indigo]], and [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]].
<gallery mode=packed heights=200px style="text-align:left">
Dayflower FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Dayflower reference</center>
Indigo FORS.JPG|<center>FORS spectrum of Indigo reference</center>
Prussian blue FORS.jpg|<center>FORS spectrum of Prussian blue reference</center>
</gallery>

==Images of Dayflower ==
<gallery>
File:Aobana.jpg|Cultivated dayflower (''Commelina communis'' var. ''hortensis Makino''), by Asiatic Dayflower|link=http://asiaticdayflower.blogspot.com/
File:Wilddayflower.jpg|Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'')
File:Aobanagami.jpg|Bundle of dayflower dyed paper, by Kusatsu-juku|link=https://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/kusatsujuku/gakumonjo/aobanagami.html
File:Dayflower extract.jpg||Dayflower paper and dye extracted from the paper
File:Dayflower blue dyed paper2.jpg|Paper dyed with dayflower
File:Printed dayflower-cropped.jpg|Printed dayflower
File:Dayflower paper tokuno.jpg|Dayflower paper, by National Museum of American History|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323754
</gallery>

==List of Prints ==
Below is a list of prints where dayflower was detected.

File:11.26691-2-pt5-detail.png

2024-08-16T04:34:24Z

MAdachi: