https://cameo.mfa.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MDerrickCAMEO - User contributions [en]2026-11-09T18:52:17ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.4https://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Pentachlorophenol&diff=108243Pentachlorophenol2026-11-08T20:03:13Z<p>MDerrick: /* Environmental Risks */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
Colorless, crystalline powder was made by the chlorination of [[phenol|phenol]]. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was first used commercially in the 1930s as a [[fungicide|fungicide]], [[bactericide|bactericide]], and [[algicide|algicide]]. It was used commercially for the preservation of [[wood|wood]], [[paper|paper]], [[starch|starch]], [[dextrin|dextrin]], and [[glue|glue]]. When tested as a potential fungicide in a closed container, PCP produced enough [[hydrogen%20chloride|hydrogen chloride]] to corrode [[iron|iron]] fasteners within 24 hours. The sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate or PCPNa (Santobrite and Dowicide G), is sometimes used as a replacement to minimize acid formation. Some objects (paper, [[textile|textiles]], [[leather|leather]], and historic wood buildings) may still contain toxic levels of PCP due to its wide use prior to 1987 when its use in the U.S. was banned.<br />
<br />
PCP is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentachlorophenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
PCP; Penta; penchlorol; pentachlorphenol; Santophen 20 [Monsanto]; Santobrite (PCPNa) [Monsanto]; Dowicide EC7 [Dow Chemical]; Dowicide G (PCPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Weedone<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LD50 = 146=175 mg/kg <br />
* Can corrode metals. May discolor wood, textiles, and pigments. <br />
* Noncombustible. <br />
* Restek: [https://www.restek.com/documentation/msds/31297_useng.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; bacterial and chemical breakdown processes have half-life of 23-178 days<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Needle-like crystals. <br />
* Soluble in dilute alkali, ethanol, ether, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.<br />
* Composition = C6Cl5OH (mol. wt.=266.4z g/m)<br />
* CAS = 87-86-5<br />
* Melting Point = 190-191 C<br />
* Density = 1.978 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 309-310 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7242<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 413<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol] (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006 and Nov 2026)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Pentachlorophenol&diff=108242Pentachlorophenol2026-11-08T20:01:53Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
Colorless, crystalline powder was made by the chlorination of [[phenol|phenol]]. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was first used commercially in the 1930s as a [[fungicide|fungicide]], [[bactericide|bactericide]], and [[algicide|algicide]]. It was used commercially for the preservation of [[wood|wood]], [[paper|paper]], [[starch|starch]], [[dextrin|dextrin]], and [[glue|glue]]. When tested as a potential fungicide in a closed container, PCP produced enough [[hydrogen%20chloride|hydrogen chloride]] to corrode [[iron|iron]] fasteners within 24 hours. The sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate or PCPNa (Santobrite and Dowicide G), is sometimes used as a replacement to minimize acid formation. Some objects (paper, [[textile|textiles]], [[leather|leather]], and historic wood buildings) may still contain toxic levels of PCP due to its wide use prior to 1987 when its use in the U.S. was banned.<br />
<br />
PCP is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentachlorophenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
PCP; Penta; penchlorol; pentachlorphenol; Santophen 20 [Monsanto]; Santobrite (PCPNa) [Monsanto]; Dowicide EC7 [Dow Chemical]; Dowicide G (PCPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Weedone<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LD50 = 146=175 mg/kg <br />
* Can corrode metals. May discolor wood, textiles, and pigments. <br />
* Noncombustible. <br />
* Restek: [https://www.restek.com/documentation/msds/31297_useng.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Needle-like crystals. <br />
* Soluble in dilute alkali, ethanol, ether, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.<br />
* Composition = C6Cl5OH (mol. wt.=266.4z g/m)<br />
* CAS = 87-86-5<br />
* Melting Point = 190-191 C<br />
* Density = 1.978 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 309-310 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7242<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 413<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol] (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006 and Nov 2026)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Pentachlorophenol&diff=108241Pentachlorophenol2026-11-08T19:59:56Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
Colorless, crystalline powder was made by the chlorination of [[phenol|phenol]] in the 1930s. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as a [[fungicide|fungicide]], [[bactericide|bactericide]], and [[algicide|algicide]]. It was used commercially for the preservation of [[wood|wood]], [[paper|paper]], [[starch|starch]], [[dextrin|dextrin]], and [[glue|glue]]. When tested as a potential fungicide in a closed container, PCP produced enough [[hydrogen%20chloride|hydrogen chloride]] to corrode [[iron|iron]] fasteners within 24 hours. The sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate or PCPNa (Santobrite and Dowicide G), is sometimes used as a replacement to minimize acid formation. Some objects (paper, [[textile|textiles]], [[leather|leather]], and historic wood buildings) may still contain toxic levels of PCP due to its wide use prior to 1987 when its use in the U.S. was banned.<br />
<br />
PCP is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentachlorophenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
PCP; Penta; penchlorol; pentachlorphenol; Santophen 20 [Monsanto]; Santobrite (PCPNa) [Monsanto]; Dowicide EC7 [Dow Chemical]; Dowicide G (PCPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Weedone<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LD50 = 146=175 mg/kg <br />
* Can corrode metals. May discolor wood, textiles, and pigments. <br />
* Noncombustible. <br />
* Restek: [https://www.restek.com/documentation/msds/31297_useng.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Needle-like crystals. <br />
* Soluble in dilute alkali, ethanol, ether, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.<br />
* Composition = C6Cl5OH (mol. wt.=266.4z g/m)<br />
* CAS = 87-86-5<br />
* Melting Point = 190-191 C<br />
* Density = 1.978 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 309-310 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7242<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 413<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol] (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006 and Nov 2026)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Pentachlorophenol&diff=108240Pentachlorophenol2026-11-08T19:58:24Z<p>MDerrick: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
Colorless, crystalline powder that was made by the chlorination of [[phenol|phenol]]. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as a [[fungicide|fungicide]], [[bactericide|bactericide]], and [[algicide|algicide]]. It was used commercially for the preservation of [[wood|wood]], [[paper|paper]], [[starch|starch]], [[dextrin|dextrin]], and [[glue|glue]]. When tested as a potential fungicide in a closed container, PCP produced enough [[hydrogen%20chloride|hydrogen chloride]] to corrode [[iron|iron]] fasteners within 24 hours. The sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate or PCPNa (Santobrite and Dowicide G), is sometimes used as a replacement to minimize acid formation. Some objects (paper, [[textile|textiles]], [[leather|leather]], and historic wood buildings) may still contain toxic levels of PCP due to its wide use prior to 1987 when its use in the U.S. was banned.<br />
<br />
PCP is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials.<br />
<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentachlorophenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
PCP; Penta; penchlorol; pentachlorphenol; Santophen 20 [Monsanto]; Santobrite (PCPNa) [Monsanto]; Dowicide EC7 [Dow Chemical]; Dowicide G (PCPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Weedone<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LD50 = 146=175 mg/kg <br />
* Can corrode metals. May discolor wood, textiles, and pigments. <br />
* Noncombustible. <br />
* Restek: [https://www.restek.com/documentation/msds/31297_useng.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Needle-like crystals. <br />
* Soluble in dilute alkali, ethanol, ether, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.<br />
* Composition = C6Cl5OH (mol. wt.=266.4z g/m)<br />
* CAS = 87-86-5<br />
* Melting Point = 190-191 C<br />
* Density = 1.978 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 309-310 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7242<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 413<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol] (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006 and Nov 2026)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Pentachlorophenol&diff=108239Pentachlorophenol2026-11-08T19:03:13Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
Colorless, crystalline powder that was made by the chlorination of [[phenol|phenol]]. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used as a [[fungicide|fungicide]], [[bactericide|bactericide]], and [[algicide|algicide]]. It was used commercially for the preservation of [[wood|wood]], [[paper|paper]], [[starch|starch]], [[dextrin|dextrin]], and [[glue|glue]]. When tested as a potential fungicide in a closed container, PCP produced enough [[hydrogen%20chloride|hydrogen chloride]] to corrode [[iron|iron]] fasteners within 24 hours. The sodium salt, sodium pentachlorophenate or PCPNa (Santobrite and Dowicide G), is sometimes used as a replacement to minimize acid formation. Some objects (paper, [[textile|textiles]], [[leather|leather]], and historic wood buildings) may still contain toxic levels of PCP due to its wide use prior to 1987 when its use in the U.S. was banned.<br />
<br />
PCP is on the ILFI [[Red list of Materials|Red list]] of building materials.<br />
<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|pentachlorophenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
PCP; Penta; penchlorol; pentachlorphenol; Santophen 20 [Monsanto]; Santobrite (PCPNa) [Monsanto]; Dowicide EC7 [Dow Chemical]; Dowicide G (PCPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Weedone<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. LD50 = 146=175 mg/kg <br />
* Can corrode metals. May discolor wood, textiles, and pigments. <br />
* Noncombustible. <br />
* Restek: [https://www.restek.com/documentation/msds/31297_useng.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
<br />
* Needle-like crystals. <br />
* Soluble in dilute alkali, ethanol, ether, benzene. Slightly soluble in water.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Composition<br />
| C6Cl5OH<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| CAS<br />
| 87-86-5<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Melting Point<br />
| 190-191 C<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Density<br />
| 1.978 g/ml<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight<br />
| mol. wt.=266.4<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Boiling Point<br />
| 309-310 C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7242<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 413<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenol] (Accessed Feb. 10, 2006 and Nov 2026)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108238Parathion2026-11-08T18:56:04Z<p>MDerrick: /* Environmental Risks */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate. Parathion was developed in the 1940s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. Distributed as a pesticide in the US in 1948, parathion acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. However it affects both insects and mammals, which means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR|parathionms.jpg~Mass spectrum]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E; Alkron; alleron; Bladan; Corothion; Orthosphos; Panthion; Paramar; Phoskil; Stathion; Thiosphos<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes (half-life= 18-49 days)<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Distributed as a brown liquid that smells like rotten eggs; also sold a powders, dust and granules <br />
* Its darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108237Parathion2026-11-08T18:53:53Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate. Parathion was developed in the 1940s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. Distributed as a pesticide in the US in 1948, parathion acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. However it affects both insects and mammals, which means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR|parathionms.jpg~Mass spectrum]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E; Alkron; alleron; Bladan; Corothion; Orthosphos; Panthion; Paramar; Phoskil; Stathion; Thiosphos<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Distributed as a brown liquid that smells like rotten eggs; also sold a powders, dust and granules <br />
* Its darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108236Parathion2026-11-08T18:51:44Z<p>MDerrick: /* Synonyms and Related Terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate. Parathion was developed in the 1930s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. Distributed as a pesticide in the US in 1948, parathion acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. However it affects both insects and mammals, which means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR|parathionms.jpg~Mass spectrum]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E; Alkron; alleron; Bladan; Corothion; Orthosphos; Panthion; Paramar; Phoskil; Stathion; Thiosphos<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Distributed as a brown liquid that smells like rotten eggs; also sold a powders, dust and granules <br />
* Its darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108235Parathion2026-11-08T18:51:06Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate. Parathion was developed in the 1930s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. Distributed as a pesticide in the US in 1948, parathion acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. However it affects both insects and mammals, which means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR|parathionms.jpg~Mass spectrum]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E; Alkron; alleron; Bladan; Corothion; Orthosphos; Panthion; Paramar<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Distributed as a brown liquid that smells like rotten eggs; also sold a powders, dust and granules <br />
* Its darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108234Parathion2026-11-08T18:48:39Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate. Parathion was developed in the 1930s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. Distributed as a pesticide in the US in 1948, parathion acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. However it affects both insects and mammals, which means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR|parathionms.jpg~Mass spectrum]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Distributed as a brown liquid that smells like rotten eggs; also sold a powders, dust and granules <br />
* Its darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108233Parathion2026-11-08T18:48:07Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Parathion was developed in the 1930s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. Distributed as a pesticide in the US in 1948, parathion acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. However it affects both insects and mammals, which means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR|parathionms.jpg~Mass spectrum]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Distributed as a brown liquid that smells like rotten eggs; also sold a powders, dust and granules <br />
* Its darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108232Parathion2026-11-08T18:42:43Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:parathionms.jpg|thumb|Mass spectrum of parathion]]<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Parathion was developed in the 1940s by Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben in Germany. The pale yellow liquid acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor for insects and mammals. This means it interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure. The use of parathion has been banned or restricted worldwide. <br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; diethyl parathion; parathion-ethyl; AATP; E605; Niran; Penncap-E<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* Toxic to almost all forms of life<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Usually distributed as a brown liquid that steel like rotten eggs. It darken in sunlight<br />
* Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. <br />
* Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
* Composition = (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>P(S)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 291.27 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 56-38-2<br />
* Melting Point = 6 C<br />
* Density = 1.26 g/ml<br />
* Refractive Index = 1.5367<br />
* Boiling Point = 375 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Parathion&diff=108231Parathion2026-11-08T18:26:58Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:parathionms.jpg|thumb|Mass spectrum of parathion]]<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic organic phosphate [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Parathion was introduced in 1947. The pale yellow liquid acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor. It interrupts the function of the central nervous system and causes death by respiratory failure.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|parathionir.jpg~FTIR]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
O,O-diethyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; ethyl parathion; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate; AATP; Niran; Penncap-E<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. <br />
* Flammable. Flash point = 120-160 C. <br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/parathion Compound summary]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Persistent organic pollutant; resists bacterial and chemical breakdown processes<br />
* Biomagnifies as it is passed up the food chain<br />
* One of the 'Dirty Dozen' named by the Stockholm Convention<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
<br />
Soluble in ester, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, oils. Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in petroleum ether, kerosene.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Composition<br />
| (C2H5O)2P(S)OC6H4NO2<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| CAS<br />
| 56-38-2<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Melting Point<br />
| 6 C<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Density<br />
| 1.26 g/ml<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight<br />
| mol. wt. = 291.27<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Refractive Index<br />
| 1.5367<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Boiling Point<br />
| 375 C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment:parathion [Accessed March 26, 2002].<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6897<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathion Parathion] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Ortho-phenyl_phenol&diff=108230Ortho-phenyl phenol2026-11-08T16:45:10Z<p>MDerrick: /* Collection Risks */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A synthetic biocide primarily used as a post-harvest [[fungicide|fungicide]] and general disinfectant. First introduced about 1930, o-phenylphenol (OPP) inhibits the growth of [[fungus|fungi]] and bacteria. It is effective at concentrations as low as 0.05% by weight. OPP is an ingredient in [[Lysol|Lysol®]] and has been used as a fungicides in [[starch|starch]], [[glue|glue]], and [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]] emulsions. Dilute solutions have also been used for removing [[lichen|lichens]] from [[granite|granite]]. OPPNa, the sodium salt of ortho-phenyl phenol, is more soluble.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ortho-phenyl phenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
phenyl phenol; orthophenyl phenol; OPP; 2-phenylphenol; 2-biphenylol; 2-hydroxybiphenyl; Dowicide 1 [Dow Chemical]; Topane S [ICI]; Lysol® [Sterling]; Dowicide A (OPPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Topane WS (OPPNa) [ICI]; Mystox WFA (OPPNa) [Catomance]; Torsite; Fungal; Preventol; Nipacide<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* May discolor textiles, especially silk.<br />
* May recrystallize on materials surfaces<br />
* May interact with synthetic polymers<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Ingestion is toxic, especially to small mammals (e.g., cats) and aquatic organisms. LD50 = 2480 mg/kg <br />
* Inhalation and contact may cause irritation and redness. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 124 C (255 F) <br />
* ThermoFisher [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC110581000&productDescription=M-CRESOL%2C+99%25+100GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Readily degradable in surface water and wet soil<br />
* Breakdown half-life is <5 days<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* white solid<br />
* Insoluble in water. <br />
* Soluble in alcohols, glycols and sodium hydroxide solution..<br />
* Composition = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH (mol.wt. = 170.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 90-43-7<br />
* Melting Point = 58-60 C<br />
* Density = 1.217 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 286 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* J.Haines, S.Kohler "An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries" JAIC 25:49-55, 1986<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997<br />
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog<br />
* ''A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms'', Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol] Accessed Nov 2026]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Ortho-phenyl_phenol&diff=108229Ortho-phenyl phenol2026-11-08T16:43:58Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A synthetic biocide primarily used as a post-harvest [[fungicide|fungicide]] and general disinfectant. First introduced about 1930, o-phenylphenol (OPP) inhibits the growth of [[fungus|fungi]] and bacteria. It is effective at concentrations as low as 0.05% by weight. OPP is an ingredient in [[Lysol|Lysol®]] and has been used as a fungicides in [[starch|starch]], [[glue|glue]], and [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]] emulsions. Dilute solutions have also been used for removing [[lichen|lichens]] from [[granite|granite]]. OPPNa, the sodium salt of ortho-phenyl phenol, is more soluble.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ortho-phenyl phenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
phenyl phenol; orthophenyl phenol; OPP; 2-phenylphenol; 2-biphenylol; 2-hydroxybiphenyl; Dowicide 1 [Dow Chemical]; Topane S [ICI]; Lysol® [Sterling]; Dowicide A (OPPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Topane WS (OPPNa) [ICI]; Mystox WFA (OPPNa) [Catomance]; Torsite; Fungal; Preventol; Nipacide<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* May discolor textiles, especially silk.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Ingestion is toxic, especially to small mammals (e.g., cats) and aquatic organisms. LD50 = 2480 mg/kg <br />
* Inhalation and contact may cause irritation and redness. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 124 C (255 F) <br />
* ThermoFisher [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC110581000&productDescription=M-CRESOL%2C+99%25+100GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Readily degradable in surface water and wet soil<br />
* Breakdown half-life is <5 days<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* white solid<br />
* Insoluble in water. <br />
* Soluble in alcohols, glycols and sodium hydroxide solution..<br />
* Composition = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH (mol.wt. = 170.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 90-43-7<br />
* Melting Point = 58-60 C<br />
* Density = 1.217 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 286 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* J.Haines, S.Kohler "An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries" JAIC 25:49-55, 1986<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997<br />
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog<br />
* ''A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms'', Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol] Accessed Nov 2026]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Ortho-phenyl_phenol&diff=108228Ortho-phenyl phenol2026-11-08T16:43:17Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A synthetic biocide primarily used as a post-harvest [[fungicide|fungicide]] and general disinfectant. First introduced about 1930, o-phenylphenol (OPP) inhibits the growth of [[fungus|fungi]] and bacteria. It is effective at concentrations as low as 0.05% by weight. OPP is an ingredient in [[Lysol|Lysol®]] and has been used as a fungicides in [[starch|starch]], [[glue|glue]], and [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]] emulsions. Dilute solutions have also been used for removing [[lichen|lichens]] from [[granite|granite]]. OPPNa, the sodium salt of ortho-phenyl phenol, is more soluble.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ortho-phenyl phenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
phenyl phenol; orthophenyl phenol; OPP; 2-phenylphenol; 2-biphenylol; 2-hydroxybiphenyl; Dowicide 1 [Dow Chemical]; Topane S [ICI]; Lysol® [Sterling]; Dowicide A (OPPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Topane WS (OPPNa) [ICI]; Mystox WFA (OPPNa) [Catomance]; Torsite; Fungal; Preventol; Nipacide<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* May discolor textiles, especially silk.<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Ingestion is toxic, especially to small mammals (e.g., cats) and aquatic organisms. LD50 = 2480 mg/kg <br />
* Inhalation and contact may cause irritation and redness. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 124 C (255 F) <br />
* ThermoFisher [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC110581000&productDescription=M-CRESOL%2C+99%25+100GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Readily degradable in surface water and wet soil<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* white solid<br />
* Insoluble in water. <br />
* Soluble in alcohols, glycols and sodium hydroxide solution..<br />
* Composition = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH (mol.wt. = 170.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 90-43-7<br />
* Melting Point = 58-60 C<br />
* Density = 1.217 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 286 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* J.Haines, S.Kohler "An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries" JAIC 25:49-55, 1986<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997<br />
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog<br />
* ''A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms'', Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol] Accessed Nov 2026]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Ortho-phenyl_phenol&diff=108227Ortho-phenyl phenol2026-11-08T16:39:18Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A [[fungicide|fungicide]] and [[bactericide|bactericide]]. Ortho-phenyl phenol (OPP) inhibits the growth of [[fungus|fungi]] and bacteria. It is effective at concentrations as low as 0.05% by weight. OPP is an ingredient in [[Lysol|Lysol®]] and has been used as a fungicides in [[starch|starch]], [[glue|glue]], and [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]] emulsions. Dilute solutions have also been used for removing [[lichen|lichens]] from [[granite|granite]]. OPPNa, the sodium salt of ortho-phenyl phenol, is more soluble.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ortho-phenyl phenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
phenyl phenol; orthophenyl phenol; OPP; 2-phenylphenol; 2-biphenylol; 2-hydroxybiphenyl; Dowicide 1 [Dow Chemical]; Topane S [ICI]; Lysol® [Sterling]; Dowicide A (OPPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Topane WS (OPPNa) [ICI]; Mystox WFA (OPPNa) [Catomance]; Torsite; Fungal; Preventol; Nipacide<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* May discolor textiles, especially silk.<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Ingestion is toxic, especially to small mammals (e.g., cats) and aquatic organisms. LD50 = 2480 mg/kg <br />
* Inhalation and contact may cause irritation and redness. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 124 C (255 F) <br />
* ThermoFisher [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC110581000&productDescription=M-CRESOL%2C+99%25+100GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* white solid<br />
* Insoluble in water. <br />
* Soluble in alcohols, glycols and sodium hydroxide solution..<br />
* Composition = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH (mol.wt. = 170.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 90-43-7<br />
* Melting Point = 58-60 C<br />
* Density = 1.217 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 286 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* J.Haines, S.Kohler "An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries" JAIC 25:49-55, 1986<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997<br />
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog<br />
* ''A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms'', Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol] Accessed Nov 2026]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Ortho-phenyl_phenol&diff=108226Ortho-phenyl phenol2026-11-08T16:38:50Z<p>MDerrick: /* Synonyms and Related Terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A [[fungicide|fungicide]] and [[bactericide|bactericide]]. Ortho-phenyl phenol (OPP) inhibits the growth of [[fungus|fungi]] and bacteria. It is effective at concentrations as low as 0.05% by weight. OPP is an ingredient in [[Lysol|Lysol®]] and has been used as a fungicides in [[starch|starch]], [[glue|glue]], and [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]] emulsions. Dilute solutions have also been used for removing [[lichen|lichens]] from [[granite|granite]]. OPPNa, the sodium salt of ortho-phenyl phenol, is more soluble.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
phenyl phenol; orthophenyl phenol; OPP; 2-phenylphenol; 2-biphenylol; 2-hydroxybiphenyl; Dowicide 1 [Dow Chemical]; Topane S [ICI]; Lysol® [Sterling]; Dowicide A (OPPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Topane WS (OPPNa) [ICI]; Mystox WFA (OPPNa) [Catomance]; Torsite; Fungal; Preventol; Nipacide<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ortho-phenyl phenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* May discolor textiles, especially silk.<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Ingestion is toxic, especially to small mammals (e.g., cats) and aquatic organisms. LD50 = 2480 mg/kg <br />
* Inhalation and contact may cause irritation and redness. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 124 C (255 F) <br />
* ThermoFisher [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC110581000&productDescription=M-CRESOL%2C+99%25+100GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* white solid<br />
* Insoluble in water. <br />
* Soluble in alcohols, glycols and sodium hydroxide solution..<br />
* Composition = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH (mol.wt. = 170.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 90-43-7<br />
* Melting Point = 58-60 C<br />
* Density = 1.217 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 286 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* J.Haines, S.Kohler "An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries" JAIC 25:49-55, 1986<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997<br />
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog<br />
* ''A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms'', Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol] Accessed Nov 2026]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Ortho-phenyl_phenol&diff=108225Ortho-phenyl phenol2026-11-08T16:38:20Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A [[fungicide|fungicide]] and [[bactericide|bactericide]]. Ortho-phenyl phenol (OPP) inhibits the growth of [[fungus|fungi]] and bacteria. It is effective at concentrations as low as 0.05% by weight. OPP is an ingredient in [[Lysol|Lysol®]] and has been used as a fungicides in [[starch|starch]], [[glue|glue]], and [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]] emulsions. Dilute solutions have also been used for removing [[lichen|lichens]] from [[granite|granite]]. OPPNa, the sodium salt of ortho-phenyl phenol, is more soluble.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
phenyl phenol; orthophenyl phenol; OPP; 2-phenylphenol; 2-biphenylol; 2-hydroxybiphenyl; Dowicide 1; Dowicide 1 [Dow Chemical]; Topane S [ICI]; Lysol® [Sterling]; Dowicide A (OPPNa) [Dow Chemical]; Topane WS (OPPNa) [ICI]; Mystox WFA (OPPNa) [Catomance]; Torsite; Fungal; Preventol; Nipacide<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ortho-phenyl phenol.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* May discolor textiles, especially silk.<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Ingestion is toxic, especially to small mammals (e.g., cats) and aquatic organisms. LD50 = 2480 mg/kg <br />
* Inhalation and contact may cause irritation and redness. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 124 C (255 F) <br />
* ThermoFisher [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC110581000&productDescription=M-CRESOL%2C+99%25+100GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* white solid<br />
* Insoluble in water. <br />
* Soluble in alcohols, glycols and sodium hydroxide solution..<br />
* Composition = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH (mol.wt. = 170.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 90-43-7<br />
* Melting Point = 58-60 C<br />
* Density = 1.217 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 286 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* J.Haines, S.Kohler "An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries" JAIC 25:49-55, 1986<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Marie Svoboda, Conservation Survey Index, unpublished, 1997<br />
* Conservation Materials Ltd., Catalog<br />
* ''A Glossary of Paper Conservation Terms'', Margaret Ellis (ed.), Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York City, 1998<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol] Accessed Nov 2026]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Paradichlorobenzene&diff=108224Paradichlorobenzene2026-11-08T16:12:16Z<p>MDerrick: /* Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
White crystals that sublime at room temperature producing the characteristic odor of [[mothball|mothballs]]. Paradichlorobenzene (PDB) was registered or use as an insecticidal fumigant in closed areas in the US in 1942. It kills insects and larvae but not eggs and thus will not prevent reinfestation. PDB can soften some plastics ([[cellulose%20nitrate|cellulose nitrate]], [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]], [[Styrofoam|Styrofoam®]]) and may damage feathers, leather, and bronze (Zycherman and Schrock, 1988). It can also affect paper, [[zinc%20white|zinc white]], [[lithopone|lithopone]], [[ultramarine%20blue%2C%20synthetic|ultramarine blue]], scarlet pigments, inks and cellulose acetate dyes. While PDB is listed as noncorrosive, it has the potential of degrading to form chlorine gas. Due to environmental persistence and potential carcinogenicity, its use was banned in the EU in 2008.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|paradichlorobenzene.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
p-dichlorobenzene; PDB; PDCB; 1,4-dichlorobenzene; Paracide; Paramoth; Di-Chloricide; Paradow; Santochlor [Solutia]; Para-Di; Parazene; mothball<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Can soften plastics<br />
* May damage feathers, leather and metals<br />
* Can affect inks, pigments, dyes and paper<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Irritating to eyes, skin and nasal passages. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and contact. <br />
* Causes headaches, nausea, liver and kidney damage as well as narcosis. <br />
* Suspected carcinogen. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 66 C (151 F) <br />
* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/17640.htm MSDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Soluble in fats but not in water, thus leading to bioaccumulation in animals<br />
* Persistent in soil; half-life is 14-31 days<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide. <br />
* Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> (mol. wt.=147.01 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 106-46-7<br />
* Melting Point = 53-54 C<br />
* Density = 1.458 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 174.12 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* L. Zycherman, J.R. Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC, Washington, DC, 1988. ° J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control", CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15.<br />
* J. Dawson, ''CCI Technical Bulletin'', 'Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control' , Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, No. 15<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Marjorie Shelley, ''The Care and Handling of Art Objects'', The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 Comment: flash point = 165F (74C)<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Paradichlorobenzene&diff=108223Paradichlorobenzene2026-11-08T16:10:23Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
White crystals that sublime at room temperature producing the characteristic odor of [[mothball|mothballs]]. Paradichlorobenzene (PDB) was registered or use as an insecticidal fumigant in closed areas in the US in 1942. It kills insects and larvae but not eggs and thus will not prevent reinfestation. PDB can soften some plastics ([[cellulose%20nitrate|cellulose nitrate]], [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]], [[Styrofoam|Styrofoam®]]) and may damage feathers, leather, and bronze (Zycherman and Schrock, 1988). It can also affect paper, [[zinc%20white|zinc white]], [[lithopone|lithopone]], [[ultramarine%20blue%2C%20synthetic|ultramarine blue]], scarlet pigments, inks and cellulose acetate dyes. While PDB is listed as noncorrosive, it has the potential of degrading to form chlorine gas. Due to environmental persistence and potential carcinogenicity, its use was banned in 2008.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|paradichlorobenzene.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
p-dichlorobenzene; PDB; PDCB; 1,4-dichlorobenzene; Paracide; Paramoth; Di-Chloricide; Paradow; Santochlor [Solutia]; Para-Di; Parazene; mothball<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Can soften plastics<br />
* May damage feathers, leather and metals<br />
* Can affect inks, pigments, dyes and paper<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Irritating to eyes, skin and nasal passages. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and contact. <br />
* Causes headaches, nausea, liver and kidney damage as well as narcosis. <br />
* Suspected carcinogen. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 66 C (151 F) <br />
* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/17640.htm MSDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Soluble in fats but not in water, thus leading to bioaccumulation in animals<br />
* Persistent in soil; half-life is 14-31 days<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide. <br />
* Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> (mol. wt.=147.01 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 106-46-7<br />
* Melting Point = 53-54 C<br />
* Density = 1.458 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 174.12 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* L. Zycherman, J.R. Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC, Washington, DC, 1988. ° J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control", CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15.<br />
* J. Dawson, ''CCI Technical Bulletin'', 'Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control' , Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, No. 15<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Marjorie Shelley, ''The Care and Handling of Art Objects'', The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 Comment: flash point = 165F (74C)<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Paradichlorobenzene&diff=108222Paradichlorobenzene2026-11-08T15:58:36Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
White crystals that sublime at room temperature producing the characteristic odor of [[mothball|mothballs]]. Paradichlorobenzene (PDB) is used as an insecticidal fumigant in closed area. It kills insects and larvae but not eggs and thus will not prevent reinfestation. PDB can soften some plastics ([[cellulose%20nitrate|cellulose nitrate]], [[polyvinyl%20acetate|polyvinyl acetate]], [[Styrofoam|Styrofoam®]]) and may damage feathers, leather, and bronze (Zycherman and Schrock, 1988). It can also affect paper, [[zinc%20white|zinc white]], [[lithopone|lithopone]], [[ultramarine%20blue%2C%20synthetic|ultramarine blue]], scarlet pigments, inks and cellulose acetate dyes. While PDB is listed as noncorrosive, it has the potential of degrading to form chlorine gas.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|paradichlorobenzene.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
p-dichlorobenzene; PDB; PDCB; 1,4-dichlorobenzene; Paracide; Paramoth; Di-Chloride; Paradow; Santochlor [Solutia]; Para-Di; mothball<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Irritating to eyes, skin and nasal passages. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and contact. <br />
* Causes headaches, nausea, liver and kidney damage as well as narcosis. <br />
* Suspected carcinogen. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 66 C (151 F) <br />
* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/17640.htm MSDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
<br />
Soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide. Insoluble in water.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Composition<br />
| C4H6Cl2<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| CAS<br />
| 106-46-7<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Melting Point<br />
| 53-54 C<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Density<br />
| 1.458 g/ml<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight<br />
| mol. wt.=147.01<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Boiling Point<br />
| 174.12 C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* L. Zycherman, J.R. Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC, Washington, DC, 1988. ° J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control", CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15.<br />
* J. Dawson, ''CCI Technical Bulletin'', 'Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control' , Canadian Conservation Institute, Ottawa, No. 15<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Marjorie Shelley, ''The Care and Handling of Art Objects'', The Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1987<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 Comment: flash point = 165F (74C)<br />
* Pam Hatchfield, ''Pollutants in the Museum Environment'', Archetype Press, London, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Nitrogen&diff=108221Nitrogen2026-11-08T15:53:04Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless, odorless, inert gas that composes 75.5% (by weight) of the atmosphere on earth and is an essential element in all living organisms. Nitrogen was first identified as an element in 1772 by Daniel Rutherford, Scotland. It serves as a diluent in the atmosphere and, as such, controls the rates of combustion and respiration. Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of [[ammonia%20%28anhydrous%29|Ammonia]], [[nitric%20acid|nitric acid]], nitrates, and cyanides. It is also used as an inert, oxygen-free atmosphere for the preservation of materials and the asphyxiation of insects. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant for food freezing processes, cooling electronic equipment and to kill insects via thermal shock, i.e. cryo-fumigation.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
N; Stikstof (Ned.); azote (Fr.); Stickstoff (Deut.); azoto (It.); Nitrogênio (Port.); nitrógeno (Esp.); Kväve (Sven.)<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Can displace oxygen and act as an asphyxiant.<br />
* Contact with liquid nitrogen causes immediate tissue necrosis<br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001040.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Inert, colorless gas, liquid or solid<br />
* Slightly soluble in ethanol and liquid ammonia. <br />
* Insoluble in most other liquids.<br />
* Composition = N (atomic no. 7)(atomic wt = 14.0067)<br />
* CAS = 7727-37-9<br />
* Melting Point = -210.0 C<br />
* Boiling Point = -195.79 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Web Elements: [https://www.webelements.com/nitrogen/ Nitrogen]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen Nitrogen] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Nitrogen&diff=108220Nitrogen2026-11-08T15:43:13Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless, odorless, inert gas that composes 75.5% (by weight) of the atmosphere on earth and is an essential element in all living organisms. Nitrogen was first identified as an element in 1772 by Daniel Rutherford, Scotland. It serves as a diluent in the atmosphere and, as such, controls the rates of combustion and respiration. Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of [[ammonia%20%28anhydrous%29|Ammonia]], [[nitric%20acid|nitric acid]], nitrates, and cyanides. It is also used as an inert, oxygen-free atmosphere for the preservation of materials and the asphyxiation of insects. Liquid nitrogen is used as a coolant for food freezing processes and for many types of instruments.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
N; Stikstof (Ned.); azote (Fr.); Stickstoff (Deut.); azoto (It.); Nitrogênio (Port.); nitrógeno (Esp.); Kväve (Sven.)<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Can displace oxygen and act as an asphyxiant.<br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001040.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
<br />
Slightly soluble in ethanol and liquid ammonia. Insoluble in most other liquids.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Composition<br />
| N (atomic no. 7)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| CAS<br />
| 7727-37-9<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Melting Point<br />
| -210.0 C<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight<br />
| atomic wt = 14.0067<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Boiling Point<br />
| -195.79 C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Web Elements: [https://www.webelements.com/nitrogen/ Nitrogen]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen Nitrogen] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Nicotine&diff=108219Nicotine2026-11-08T15:38:48Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:nicotinelarge.jpg|thumb|Nicotine]]<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless, oily liquid alkaloid primarily obtained from the dried leaves of the tobacco plant (''Nicotiana tabacum''). Nicotine was named in 1550 for Jean Nicot after he sent tobacco seeds to Paris. It is a highly additive drug that is toxic in large doses. Commercially, purified nicotine is used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]], parasiticide, and [[fumigant|fumigant]]. Nicotine insecticides have been banned in the EU since 2009 and in the US since 2014 because the residues on food are difficult to remove. <br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine; 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine; Nikotin (Deut.); nicotina (Esp., It., Port.); nicotine (Fr., Ned.); nikotyna (Pol.); nikotin (Sven.); Black Leaf 40; Ortho-N4 dust; Niagara P.A. dust; Nicocide; Nico-dust; Nico-fume; Nicotina; Destruxol orchid spray; Emo-n; Flux MAAG; Fumetobac; Mach-Nic;<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|nicotine.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 95 C <br />
* Gives off toxic fumes. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC181420250&productDescription=L-NICOTINE%2C+99%2B%25+25GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Colorless to pale yellow/brown oily liquid; Turns brown with exposure to air and light.<br />
* Miscible with water. Soluble in alcohols, chloroform, ether, kerosene, oils. <br />
* Hygroscopic. <br />
* Composition = C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ( mol.wt. = 162.23 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 54-11-5<br />
* Melting Point = -8.0 C<br />
* Flash Point = 101 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 247 C<br />
* Density = 1.01 g/ml<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 6365; b.p.=123-125C<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "nicotine" [Accessed March 26, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine Nicotine] (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005 and Nov 2026) - b.p.=247C<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Nicotine&diff=108218Nicotine2026-11-08T15:34:04Z<p>MDerrick: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:nicotinelarge.jpg|thumb|Nicotine]]<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless, oily liquid alkaloid primarily obtained from the dried leaves of the tobacco plant (''Nicotiana tabacum''). Nicotine was named in 1550 for Jean Nicot after he sent tobacco seeds to Paris. It is a highly additive drug that is toxic in large doses. Commercially, purified nicotine is used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]], parasiticide, and [[fumigant|fumigant]]. Nicotine turns brown when exposed to light or air.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|nicotine.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine; 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine; Nikotin (Deut.); nicotina (Esp., It., Port.); nicotine (Fr., Ned.); nikotyna (Pol.); nikotin (Sven.); Black Leaf 40; Ortho-N4 dust; Niagara P.A. dust; Nicocide; Nico-dust; Nico-fume; Nicotina; Destruxol orchid spray; Emo-n; Flux MAAG; Fumetobac; Mach-Nic;<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 95 C <br />
* Gives off toxic fumes. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC181420250&productDescription=L-NICOTINE%2C+99%2B%25+25GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Colorless to pale yellow/brown oily liquid; Turns brown with exposure to air and light.<br />
* Miscible with water. Soluble in alcohols, chloroform, ether, kerosene, oils. <br />
* Hygroscopic. <br />
* Composition = C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ( mol.wt. = 162.23 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 54-11-5<br />
* Melting Point = -8.0 C<br />
* Flash Point = 101 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 247 C<br />
* Density = 1.01 g/ml<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 6365; b.p.=123-125C<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "nicotine" [Accessed March 26, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine Nicotine] (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005 and Nov 2026) - b.p.=247C<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Nicotine&diff=108217Nicotine2026-11-08T15:31:54Z<p>MDerrick: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:nicotinelarge.jpg|thumb|Nicotine]]<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless, oily liquid alkaloid primarily obtained from the dried leaves of the tobacco plant (''Nicotiana tabacum''). Nicotine was named in 1550 for Jean Nicot after he sent tobacco seeds to Paris. It is a highly additive drug that is toxic in large doses. Commercially, purified nicotine is used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]], parasiticide, and [[fumigant|fumigant]]. Nicotine turns brown when exposed to light or air.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|nicotine.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine; 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine; Nikotin (Deut.); nicotina (Esp., It., Port.); nicotine (Fr., Ned.); nikotyna (Pol.); nikotin (Sven.); Black Leaf 40; Ortho-N4 dust; Niagara P.A. dust; Nicocide; Nico-dust; Nico-fume; Nicotina; Destruxol orchid spray; Emo-n; Flux MAAG; Fumetobac; Mach-Nic;<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 95 C <br />
* Gives off toxic fumes. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC181420250&productDescription=L-NICOTINE%2C+99%2B%25+25GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
<br />
* Miscible with water. Soluble in alcohols, chloroform, ether, kerosene, oils. <br />
* Hygroscopic. Turns brown with exposure to air and light.<br />
* Composition = C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub>N<sub>2</sub> ( mol.wt. = 162.23 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 54-11-5<br />
* Melting Point = -8.0 C<br />
* Density = 1.01 g/ml<br />
* Boiling Point = 247 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 6365; b.p.=123-125C<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "nicotine" [Accessed March 26, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine Nicotine] (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005 and Nov 2026) - b.p.=247C<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Nicotine&diff=108216Nicotine2026-11-08T15:28:57Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:nicotinelarge.jpg|thumb|Nicotine]]<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless, oily liquid alkaloid primarily obtained from the dried leaves of the tobacco plant (''Nicotiana tabacum''). Nicotine was named in 1550 for Jean Nicot after he sent tobacco seeds to Paris. It is a highly additive drug that is toxic in large doses. Commercially, purified nicotine is used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]], parasiticide, and [[fumigant|fumigant]]. Nicotine turns brown when exposed to light or air.<br />
[[[SliderGallery rightalign|nicotine.jpg~Chemical structure]]]<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
1-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine; 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine; Nikotin (Deut.); nicotina (Esp., It., Port.); nicotine (Fr., Ned.); nikotyna (Pol.); nikotin (Sven.); Black Leaf 40; Ortho-N4 dust; Niagara P.A. dust; Nicocide; Nico-dust; Nico-fume; Nicotina; Destruxol orchid spray; Emo-n; Flux MAAG; Fumetobac; Mach-Nic;<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. <br />
* Combustible. Flash point = 95 C <br />
* Gives off toxic fumes. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC181420250&productDescription=L-NICOTINE%2C+99%2B%25+25GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
<br />
Miscible with water. Soluble in alcohols, chloroform, ether, kerosene, oils. <br />
<br />
Hygroscopic. Turns brown with exposure to air and light.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Composition<br />
| C10H14N2<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| CAS<br />
| 54-11-5<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Melting Point<br />
| -8.0 C<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Density<br />
| 1.01 g/ml<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight<br />
| mol. wt. = 162.23<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Boiling Point<br />
| 123-125 C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Susan Budavari (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Whitehouse Station, NJ, 12th Edition, 1996 Comment: entry 6365; b.p.=123-125C<br />
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "nicotine" [Accessed March 26, 2002<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine Nicotine] (Accessed Nov. 9, 2005 and Nov 2026) - b.p.=247C<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mitin_FF&diff=108215Mitin FF2026-11-07T22:19:12Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description== <br />
[Ciba-Geigy, originally Geigy] A complex chlorinated phenyl urea compound synthesized in 1938. Mitin FF is sold as a wool mothproofing agent and insecticide that protects keratin-based fibers like [[Wool|wool]] from clothes moths and carpet beetles. It bonds chemically to fibers much like an acid dye, preventing it from easily washing or rubbing off during routine cleaning. Mitin FF was registered in the US in 1948, and has been used extensively since then on blankets, rugs and industrial yarns.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
sodium 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl) ureido] phenoxy) benzenesulfonate; sulcofuron-sodium; Mitin; Mittin FF Liquid; Mitin LP <br />
<br />
== Collection Risks==<br />
* Treated fabrics can discolor when exposed to light for extended periods<br />
<br />
==Personal Risks==<br />
* Contact with treated fabrics may cause irritation<br />
* Inhalation or ingestion of liquid may cause adverse effects.<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Water effluent from manufacturing plants pose significant aquatic hazards.<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Composition = C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>11</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>NaO<sub>5</sub>S (mol.wt. = 544.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 3567-25-7<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* EPA: [https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-058802_1-Jun-96.pdf Pesticide Reregistration form]<br />
* ChemSpider: [https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.56282.html Sulcofuron-sodium]<br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sulcofuron-sodium Sulcofuron-sodium]<br />
* R. Burgess, 'Protection of wool against insects by Mitin FF and DDT' J. Soc.Chem.Ind., Vol.68(4), April 1949.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mitin_FF&diff=108214Mitin FF2026-11-07T22:16:51Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description== <br />
[Ciba-Geigy, originally Geigy] A complex chlorinated phenyl urea compound synthesized in 1938. Mitin FF is sold as a wool mothproofing agent and insecticide that protects keratin-based fibers like [[Wool|wool]] from clothes moths and carpet beetles. It bonds chemically to fibers much like an acid dye, preventing it from easily washing or rubbing off during routine cleaning. Mitin FF was registered in the US in 1948, and has been used extensively since then on blankets, rugs and industrial yarns.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
sodium 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl) ureido] phenoxy) benzenesulfonate; sulcofuron-sodium; Mitin; Mittin FF Liquid; Mitin LP <br />
<br />
== Collection Risks==<br />
* Treated fabrics can discolor when exposed to light for extended periods<br />
<br />
==Personal Risks==<br />
* Contact with treated fabrics may cause irritation<br />
* Inhalation or ingestion of liquid may cause adverse effects.<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Water effluent from manufacturing plants pose significant aquatic hazards.<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Composition = C<sub>19</sub>H<sub>11</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub>N<sub>2</sub>NaO<sub>5</sub>S (mol.wt. = 544.2 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 3567-25-7<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* EPA: [https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-058802_1-Jun-96.pdf Pesticide Reregistration form]<br />
* ChemSpider: [https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.56282.html Sulcofuron-sodium]<br />
* NIH: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sulcofuron-sodium Sulcofuron-sodium]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108213Methyl bromide2026-11-07T22:01:31Z<p>MDerrick: /* Environmental Risks */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. <br />
<br />
Methyl bromide is classified worldwide as a controlled substance and is banned in the EU. <br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Do not use on or near: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[Foamed solids, generic|synthetic foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals.<br />
* May corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]<br />
* May dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]]<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Decomposed by UV light to form bromine which in turn reacts with stratospheric ozone<br />
* Breakdown half-life in soil is 30-60 days<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mitin_FF&diff=108212Mitin FF2026-11-07T21:59:25Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Description== <br />
[Ciba-Geigy, originally Geigy] A commercial wool mothproofing agent and insecticide developed to protect keratin-based fibers like [[Wool|wool]] from clothes moths and carpet beetles. It bonds chemically to fibers much like an acid dye, preventing it from easily washing or rubbing off during routine cleaning. Mitin FF was registered in the US in 1948, and has been used extensively since then on blankets, rugs and industrial yarns.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
Mitin; Mittin FF Liquid; Mitin LP <br />
<br />
== Collection Risks==<br />
* Treated fabrics can discolor when exposed to light for extended periods<br />
<br />
==Personal Risks==<br />
* Contact with treated fabrics may cause irritation<br />
* Inhalation or ingestion of liquid may cause adverse effects.<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Wate effluent from manufacturing plant pose significant aquatic hazards.<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
==Working Properties== <br />
==Forms and Sizes==<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* EPA: [https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-058802_1-Jun-96.pdf Pesticide Reregistration form]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mitin_FF&diff=108211Mitin FF2026-11-07T21:42:16Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description== <br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
==Applications== <br />
==Collection Risks== <br />
==Personal Risks==<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
==Working Properties== <br />
==Forms and Sizes==<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mitin_FF&diff=108210Mitin FF2026-11-07T21:41:43Z<p>MDerrick: Created page with "==Description== == Synonyms and Related Terms == ==Applications== ==Collection Risks== ==Personal Risks== ==Environmental Risks== ==Physical and Chemical Properties== ==Working Properties== ==Forms and Sizes== ==Resources and Citations== Category:Materials database"</p>
<hr />
<div>==Description== <br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
==Applications== <br />
==Collection Risks== <br />
==Personal Risks==<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
==Working Properties== <br />
==Forms and Sizes==<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
[[Category:Materials database]][[</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108209Methyl bromide2026-11-07T21:33:36Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. <br />
<br />
Methyl bromide is classified worldwide as a controlled substance and is banned in the EU. <br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Do not use on or near: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[Foamed solids, generic|synthetic foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals.<br />
* May corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]<br />
* May dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]]<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Decomposed by UV light to form bromine which in turn reacts with stratospheric ozone<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108208Methyl bromide2026-11-07T21:29:24Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. <br />
<br />
Methyl bromide is classified worldwide as a controlled substance and is banned in the EU. The U.S still uses it for some shipping containers and port warehouses to prevent the spread of invasive pests.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Do not use on or near: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[Foamed solids, generic|synthetic foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals.<br />
* May corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]<br />
* May dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]]<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Decomposed by UV light to form bromine which in turn reacts with stratospheric ozone<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108207Methyl bromide2026-11-07T21:25:54Z<p>MDerrick: /* Environmental Risks */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. <br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Do not use on or near: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[Foamed solids, generic|synthetic foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals.<br />
* May corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]<br />
* May dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]]<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Decomposed by UV light to form bromine which in turn reacts with stratospheric ozone<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108206Methyl bromide2026-11-07T20:56:32Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. <br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
==Collection Risks==<br />
* Do not use on or near: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[Foamed solids, generic|synthetic foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals.<br />
* May corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]<br />
* May dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]]<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108205Methyl bromide2026-11-07T20:53:33Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. The following materials should not be fumigated with methyl bromide: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[Foamed solids, generic|synthetic foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals. Some impurities in methyl bromide may corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]. Methyl bromide can also dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]].<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108204Methyl bromide2026-11-07T20:51:49Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. The following materials should not be fumigated with methyl bromide: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals. Some impurities in methyl bromide may corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]. Methyl bromide can also dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]].<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
* Composition = CH<sub>3</sub>Br (mol.wt. = 94.9 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 74-83-9<br />
* Melting Point = -93.66 C<br />
* Boiling Point = 3.56 C<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methyl_bromide&diff=108203Methyl bromide2026-11-07T20:50:06Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A highly toxic, colorless gas used as an insect [[fumigant]] and as a [[solvent]]. Methyl bromide has a weak chloroform-like odor at high concentrations but provides no warning odor at normal usage levels. Methyl bromide has been used extensively for control of wood boring insects, but it is no longer recommended for use in museums. It is currently used for fumigating crops and soil and is registered for use as a space fumigant. Methyl bromide reacts with basic amines. It also reacts with sulfur containing materials to form foul-smelling mercaptans, thio-ethers, and disulfides. This unpleasant odor can remain for several weeks. The following materials should not be fumigated with methyl bromide: [[rubber sponge, vulcanized|vulcanized rubber sponge]], [[foam rubber]], vulcanized [[natural rubber]], [[fur]], [[hair]], [[feather |feathers]], [[leather]], [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[wool]], [[silk]], [[viscose rayon]], [[paper]], silver polishing papers, [[color film]], photographs, and photographic chemicals. Some impurities in methyl bromide may corrode [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[lead]], and [[iron]]. Methyl bromide can also dissolve [[drying oil|drying oils]].<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
bromomethane; monobromomethane; Embafume; Brom-O-Gas; Methogas; Terr-O-Gas; Profume; Celfume; maltox<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. TLV=65 mg/m3 <br />
* Skin contact causes irritation and burns. <br />
* Potential carcinogen and teratogen. <br />
* Combustible. Burning produces toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide, bromine and carbon oxybromide. <br />
* Airgas: [https://www.airgas.com/msds/001035.pdf SDS]<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
<br />
* Soluble in ethanol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. <br />
* Methyl bromide is used to extract oils from seeds, nuts and flowers.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Composition<br />
| CH3Br<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| CAS<br />
| 74-83-9<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Melting Point<br />
| -93.66 C<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight<br />
| mol. wt. = 94.9<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| Boiling Point<br />
| 3.56 C<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Resources and Citations==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Dow Chemical. "Commodities unsuited for methyl bromide fumigation" ''Dow Fumifacts'', 4:2 (1957). <br />
* J.Dawson, "Solving Museum Insect Problems: Chemical Control" CCI Technical Bulletin No. 15. <br />
* L. Goldberg, A History Of Pest Control Measures In The Anthropology Collections, National Museum Of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, ''JAIC'' (35):23-43, 1996<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 6108<br />
* Lynda A. Zycherman, J.Richard Schrock, ''A Guide to Museum Pest Control'', FAIC and Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC, 1988<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986<br />
* Stephen R. Edwards, Bruce M. Bell, Mary Elizabeth King, ''Pest Control in Museums: a Status Report 1980'', Association of Sytematics Collections, Washington DC, 1980<br />
* G.Caneva, M.P.Nugari, O.Salvadori, ''Biology in the Conservation of Works of Art'', ICCROM, Rome, 1991<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromomethane Bromomethane] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methoxychlor&diff=108202Methoxychlor2026-11-07T20:45:33Z<p>MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A white crystalline powder previously used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Methoxychlor was introduced as an insecticide in 1945. It is in the same chemical family as [[DDT|DDT]] but is more potent and is effective against most insects as well as their larvae. Methoxychlor has a long residual effect. It was banned in the U.S. in 2003 and in the E.U in 2002.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
methoxy-DDT; dimethoxy-DDT (DMDT); 2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenol)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; Chemform; Marlate [DuPont]; Moxie; Metox; Methocide; Methoxo; Chemform<br />
<br />
==Applications==<br />
* Agriculture: sprayed extensively of fruits, vegetable and forage crops<br />
* Applied to livestock, barns and storage bins<br />
* Used in household bug sprays for cockroaches, fleas and mosquitos.<br />
* Used in flea and tick drips for domestic pets<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Overexposure causes convulsions and liver and kidney damage. <br />
* Potential carcinogen. <br />
* Decomposes when heated to produce toxic fumes of chlorides. <br />
* Chemical Book: [https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/METHOXYCHLOR.htm SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Listed as a persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic chemical<br />
* Because it is insoluble in water, it binds to soil and lake sediments<br />
* Degradation half-life is about 120 days<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = Cl3CCH(C6H4OCH3)2 (mol.wt. = 345.65 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 72-43-5<br />
* Melting Point = 78-78.2 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* EPA: [https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/pdf/archived-consumer-fact-sheet-on-methoxychlor.pdf Archived Factsheet Methoxychlor]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlor Methoxychlor] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methoxychlor&diff=108201Methoxychlor2026-11-07T20:43:33Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A white crystalline powder previously used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Methoxychlor was introduced as an insecticide in 1945. It is in the same chemical family as [[DDT|DDT]] but is more potent and is effective against most insects as well as their larvae. Methoxychlor has a long residual effect. It was banned in the U.S. in 2003 and in the E.U in 2002.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
methoxy-DDT; dimethoxy-DDT (DMDT); 2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenol)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; Chemform; Marlate [DuPont]; Moxie; Metox; Methocide; Methoxo; Chemform<br />
<br />
==Applications==<br />
* Agriculture: sprayed extensively of fruits, vegetable and forage crops<br />
* Applied to livestock, barns and storage bins<br />
* Used in household bug sprays for cockroaches, fleas and mosquitos.<br />
* Used in flea and tick drips for domestic pets<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Overexposure causes convulsions and liver and kidney damage. <br />
* Potential carcinogen. <br />
* Decomposes when heated to produce toxic fumes of chlorides. <br />
* Chemical Book: [https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/METHOXYCHLOR.htm SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Listed as a persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic chemical<br />
* Because it is insoluble in water, it binds to soil and lake sediments<br />
* Degradation half-life is about 120 days<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = Cl3CCH(C6H4OCH3)2 (mol.wt. = 345.65 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 72-43-5<br />
* Melting Point = 78-78.2 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlor Methoxychlor] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methoxychlor&diff=108200Methoxychlor2026-11-07T20:30:10Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A white crystalline powder previously used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Methoxychlor was introduced as an insecticide in 1945. It is in the same chemical family as [[DDT|DDT]] but is more potent and is effective against most insects as well as their larvae. Methoxychlor has a long residual effect. It was banned in the U.S. in 2003 and in the E.U in 2002.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
methoxy-DDT; dimethoxy-DDT (DMDT); 2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenol)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; Chemform; Maralate [DuPont]; Moxie; Metox; Methocide; Methoxo; Chemform<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Overexposure causes convulsions and liver and kidney damage. <br />
* Potential carcinogen. <br />
* Decomposes when heated to produce toxic fumes of chlorides. <br />
* Chemical Book: [https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/METHOXYCHLOR.htm SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Listed as a persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic chemical<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = Cl3CCH(C6H4OCH3)2 (mol.wt. = 345.65 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 72-43-5<br />
* Melting Point = 78-78.2 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlor Methoxychlor] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methoxychlor&diff=108199Methoxychlor2026-11-07T20:04:19Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A white crystalline powder previously used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Methoxychlor was introduced as an insecticide in 1945. It is in the same chemical family as [[DDT|DDT]] but it is a more potent insecticide that is effective against most insects and their larvae. Methoxychlor has a long residual effect. It was banned in the U.S. in 2003 and in the E.U in 2002.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
methoxy-DDT; dimethoxy-DDT (DMDT); 2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenol)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; Chemform; Maralate [DuPont]; Moxie; Metox; Methocide; Methoxo; Chemform<br />
<br />
== Personal Risks ==<br />
* Overexposure causes convulsions and liver and kidney damage. <br />
* Potential carcinogen. <br />
* Decomposes when heated to produce toxic fumes of chlorides. <br />
* Chemical Book: [https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/METHOXYCHLOR.htm SDS]<br />
<br />
==Environmental Risks==<br />
* Listed as a persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic chemical<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = Cl3CCH(C6H4OCH3)2 (mol.wt. = 345.65 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 72-43-5<br />
* Melting Point = 78-78.2 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlor Methoxychlor] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Methoxychlor&diff=108198Methoxychlor2026-11-07T19:59:28Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A white crystalline powder used as an [[insecticide|insecticide]]. Methoxychlor was introduced as an insecticide in 1945. It is in the same chemical family as [[DDT|DDT]] but it is a more potent insecticide that is effective against most insects and their larvae. Methoxychlor has a long residual effect. It is currently restricted in the U.S. and is not available for use in public buildings.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
methoxy DDT; DMDT; 2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenol)-1,1,1-trichloroethane; Chemform; Maralate [DuPont]; Moxie; Metox; Methocide; Methoxo; Chemform<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Overexposure causes convulsions and liver and kidney damage. <br />
* Potential carcinogen. <br />
* Decomposes when heated to produce toxic fumes of chlorides. <br />
* Chemical Book: [https://www.chemicalbook.com/msds/METHOXYCHLOR.htm SDS]<br />
<br />
==Physical and Chemical Properties==<br />
* Soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in water.<br />
* Composition = Cl3CCH(C6H4OCH3)2 (mol.wt. = 345.65 g/m)<br />
* CAS = 72-43-5<br />
* Melting Point = 78-78.2 C<br />
<br />
== Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxychlor Methoxychlor] Accessed Nov 2026<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mercuric_chloride&diff=108197Mercuric chloride2026-11-07T19:54:26Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A colorless crystalline compound that was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a [[disinfectant]], [[wood preservative]], rat poison, [[insecticide|insecticide]], and [[fungicide]] (for paper and books). Mercuric chloride was also used as an intensifier in photography, for tanning leather, taxidermy, for separating gold from lead, printing fabrics and as a paint preservative. It can react with sulfur causing black stains on paper and specimens. Mercuric chloride is highly toxic and its use is currently restricted in the United States.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
mercury(II) chloride; mercury dichloride; mercury bichloride; corrosive sublimate; mercury perchloride; corrosive sublimate; sulema; hydrargyri dichloridum; Abavit B; Calochlor; Calocure; Fungchex<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Violent poison, can be fatal in minutes with ingestion of 0.5 grams. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, and inhalation. <br />
* Corrosive to eyes, skin and lungs. Biohazard. <br />
* Egg white is used as an antidote. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC201430250&productDescription=MERCURY%28II%29CHLORIDE%2C+P.+25GRM&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, and acetic acid. Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, and pyridine. <br />
* Incompatible with alkalis, metals and proteins.<br />
* Composition = HgCl<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 271.52 g/m)<br />
* CA = 7487-94-7<br />
* Melting Point=276-277 C<br />
* Density=5.4 g/ml <br />
* Refractive Index = 1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Boiling Point = 302 C<br />
<br />
= Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* C.Hawks, D.Bell, "Removal of Stains Caused by Mercuric Chloride Treatments from Herbarium Sheet Labels" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p. 723-727.<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 502<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5926<br />
* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Wikipedia: [hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride Mercuric (II) chloride<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mercuric_chloride&diff=108196Mercuric chloride2026-11-07T19:51:17Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
A colorless crystalline compound that was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a [[disinfectant]], [[wood preservative]], rat poison, [[insecticide|insecticide]], and [[fungicide]] (for paper and books). Mercuric chloride was also used as an intensifier in photography, for tanning leather, for separating gold from lead, and as a paint preservative. It can react with sulfur causing black stains on paper and specimens. Mercuric chloride is highly toxic and its use is currently restricted in the United States.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
mercury(II) chloride; mercury dichloride; mercury bichloride; corrosive sublimate; mercury perchloride; corrosive sublimate; sulema<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
* Violent poison, can be fatal in minutes with ingestion of 0.5 grams. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, and inhalation. <br />
* Corrosive to eyes, skin and lungs. Biohazard. <br />
* Egg white is used as an antidote. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC201430250&productDescription=MERCURY%28II%29CHLORIDE%2C+P.+25GRM&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, and acetic acid. Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, and pyridine. <br />
* Incompatible with alkalis, metals and proteins.<br />
* Composition = HgCl<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 271.52 g/m)<br />
* CA = 7487-94-7<br />
* Melting Point=276-277 C<br />
* Density=5.4 g/ml <br />
* Refractive Index = 1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Boiling Point = 302 C<br />
<br />
= Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* C.Hawks, D.Bell, "Removal of Stains Caused by Mercuric Chloride Treatments from Herbarium Sheet Labels" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p. 723-727.<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 502<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5926<br />
* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Wikipedia: [hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride Mercuric (II) chloride<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mercuric_chloride&diff=108195Mercuric chloride2026-11-07T19:32:11Z<p>MDerrick: /* Synonyms and Related Terms */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless crystalline compound that was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a [[disinfectant]], [[wood preservative]], rat poison, [[insecticide|insecticide]], and [[fungicide]] (for paper and books). Mercuric chloride was also used as an intensifier in photography, for tanning leather, for separating gold from lead, and as a paint preservative. It can react with sulfur causing black stains on paper and specimens. Mercuric chloride is highly toxic and its use is currently restricted in the United States.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
mercury(II) chloride; mercury dichloride; mercury bichloride; corrosive sublimate; mercury perchloride; corrosive sublimate; sulema<br />
<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Violent poison, can be fatal in minutes with ingestion of 0.5 grams. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, and inhalation. <br />
* Corrosive to eyes, skin and lungs. Biohazard. <br />
* Egg white is used as an antidote. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC201430250&productDescription=MERCURY%28II%29CHLORIDE%2C+P.+25GRM&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, and acetic acid. Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, and pyridine. <br />
* Incompatible with alkalis, metals and proteins.<br />
* Composition = HgCl<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 271.52 g/m)<br />
* CA = 7487-94-7<br />
* Melting Point=276-277 C<br />
* Density=5.4 g/ml <br />
* Refractive Index = 1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Boiling Point = 302 C<br />
<br />
= Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* C.Hawks, D.Bell, "Removal of Stains Caused by Mercuric Chloride Treatments from Herbarium Sheet Labels" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p. 723-727.<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 502<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5926<br />
* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Wikipedia: [hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride Mercuric (II) chloride<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrickhttps://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Mercuric_chloride&diff=108194Mercuric chloride2026-11-07T19:31:01Z<p>MDerrick: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Description ==<br />
<br />
A colorless crystalline compound that was used in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a [[disinfectant]], [[wood preservative]], rat poison, [[insecticide|insecticide]], and [[fungicide]] (for paper and books). Mercuric chloride was also used as an intensifier in photography, for tanning leather, for separating gold from lead, and as a paint preservative. It can react with sulfur causing black stains on paper and specimens. Mercuric chloride is highly toxic and its use is currently restricted in the United States.<br />
<br />
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==<br />
<br />
mercury chloride; mercury bichloride; corrosive sublimate; mercury perchloride; corrosive sublimate; mercury (II) chloride<br />
== Risks ==<br />
<br />
* Violent poison, can be fatal in minutes with ingestion of 0.5 grams. <br />
* Toxic by ingestion, and inhalation. <br />
* Corrosive to eyes, skin and lungs. Biohazard. <br />
* Egg white is used as an antidote. <br />
* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC201430250&productDescription=MERCURY%28II%29CHLORIDE%2C+P.+25GRM&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]<br />
<br />
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==<br />
* Soluble in water, ethanol, ether, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, and acetic acid. Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, and pyridine. <br />
* Incompatible with alkalis, metals and proteins.<br />
* Composition = HgCl<sub>2</sub> (mol.wt. = 271.52 g/m)<br />
* CA = 7487-94-7<br />
* Melting Point=276-277 C<br />
* Density=5.4 g/ml <br />
* Refractive Index = 1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Boiling Point = 302 C<br />
<br />
= Resources and Citations ==<br />
* MuseumPests.net: [https://museumpests.net/resources-2/pesticide-database/ Pesticide Database]<br />
* C.Hawks, D.Bell, "Removal of Stains Caused by Mercuric Chloride Treatments from Herbarium Sheet Labels" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p. 723-727.<br />
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 502<br />
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993<br />
* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979<br />
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982<br />
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5926<br />
* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: ref. index=1.725, 1.859, 1.965<br />
* Wikipedia: [hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride Mercuric (II) chloride<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Materials database]]</div>MDerrick