CAMEO - User contributions [en]

Lemon yellow

2013-08-01T15:43:52Z

MScollan:

[[File:Lemonyellow C100x.jpg|thumb|Lemon yellow (organic colorant on alum)]]
== Description ==

An unstandardized pigment name that is more associated with the color hue. Lemon yellow may contain one or more of the following yellow pigments: [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20chromate barium chromate], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=strontium%20chromate strontium chromate], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc%20chromate zinc chromate]. The name has also been used for yellow organic colorants. Lemon yellow was also called as ultramarine yellow.

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

ultramarine yellow; zinc chromate; barium chromate; strontium chromate; amarillo limón (Esp.); jaune citron (Fr.); amarelo limão (Port.)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|f326sem.jpg~SEM|f327sem.jpg~SEM|f326edsbw.jpg~EDS|f327edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide34 FC324.PNG~XRF]]]

== Hazards and Safety ==

Human carcinogen. Skin contact may cause allergies. Acute ingestion may cause fatal chromium poisoning. Chronic inhalation may cause lung cancer and respiratory irritation. Combustible.

== Authority ==

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982

* Website address 1 Comment: Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/leadwhite.html = barium yellow

[[Category:Materials database]]

Cobalt yellow

2013-08-01T15:43:16Z

MScollan:

[[File:aureolin C100x.jpg|thumb|Aureolin]]
== Description ==

A brilliant, transparent yellow pigment commonly known by the name aureolin. Cobalt yellow is composed of potassium cobaltinitrite. It was discovered by N.W. Fischer in Germany in 1848. Cobalt yellow was introduced as an artists' pigment in 1852 (Saint-Evre) and began selling commercially in the U.S. in 1861. Aureolin is a permanent pigment, but may discolor to brown when mixed with indigo in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Because of its poor hiding power, cobalt yellow is most often used in watercolor and tempera paints, for oil-based glazes and as a colorant in glass.

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

potassium cobaltinitrite; Pigment Yellow 40; CI 77357; aureolin; Kobaltgelb (Deut.); jaune de cobalt (Fr.); auréoline (Fr.); giallo di cobalto (It.); amarillo de cobalto (Esp.); aureolina (Esp.); Aureolin (Deut.); Primulin (Deut.); kitrino toy kobaltioy (Gr.); giallo di cobalto (aureolina) (It.); aureoline (Ned.); amarelo de cobalto (Port.); potassium hexanitrocobaltate; cobalt potassium nitrite; cobaltic potassium nitrite; Fischer's yellow;

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|CobaltylUCL.jpg~Raman|AureolinRoberson.jpg~FTIR|AureolinRoberson.jpg~FTIR|PIG342.jpg~XRD|f342sem.jpg~SEM|f342edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide37 FC328.PNG~XRF]]]

== Other Properties ==

Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol, ether and carbon disulfide. Soluble in acids producing a pink solution. Decomposes in alkalis evolving nitrogen oxide fumes.

Fine, dendritic crystals. Yellow in transmitted light. Isotropic in polarized light.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| Composition
| K3[Co(NO2)6].3H2O
|-
! scope="row"| CAS
| 13782-01-9
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 1.8
|-
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
| mol. wt. = 452.26
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| 1.72 - 1.76
|}

== Hazards and Safety ==

Ingestion may cause poisoning with decreased blood pressure, headaches, nausea, vomiting and cyanosis.

== Additional Information ==

° M.Cornman, "Cobalt Yellow", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, 1986. ° Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/coyellow.html Cobalt yellow]

== Additional Images ==

<gallery>
File:Cobaltyellow C100x.jpg|Cobalt yellow (with filler)
</gallery>

== Authority ==

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) Comment: introduced as a paint pigment by Saint-Evre in Paris 1852

* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: Introduced as artists pigment in 1861 by Winsor & Newton; ref. index = 1.72-1.76

* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985 Comment: appeared commercially in the 1860s

* Website address 1 Comment: Pigments through the Ages: http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/coyellow.html - gives chemical name as Cobalt(II) aluminum nitrite - states unchanged in acids but will turn black in sodium sulfide and brown in caustic soda

* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 2493

* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989

* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

[[Category:Materials database]]

3.11.x Cobalt Yellow

2013-08-01T15:43:05Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.11.x; 328 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.11 YELLOW - [[Cobalt yellow]]
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cobalt Yellow #1, Beaverhall, 3/7/24
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Beaverhall
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1924
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 328
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide37 FC328.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.11 YELLOW - Cobalt Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

3.08.19 Lemon Yellow

2013-08-01T15:42:34Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.08.19; 326 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Lemon Yellow, Tizian Color Co.
|-
! scope="row"|Collection Source
|EWF
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Tizian Color Co.; gift of J.N. Rosenburg
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|arylide dye on inert substrate
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 326
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.08.19
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2754.jpg|Raman (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

3.15.x Fracciele Yellow

2013-08-01T15:28:18Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.15.x; 330 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.15 YELLOW - Miscellaneous
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Fracciele Yellow, Sept. 1927
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|Sept. 1927
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 330
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide39 FC330.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.15 YELLOW - Miscellaneous]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

File:Slide39 FC330.PNG

2013-08-01T15:27:54Z

MScollan: Analyzed on Bruker AXS ARTAX µXRF spectrophotometer using ARTAX spectra version 5.3.15.1. It is an open architecture model on a tripod equipped with a Rhodium tube with a beryllium window and a 650 micron collimator and no filter. Energy range is 0-...

Analyzed on Bruker AXS ARTAX µXRF spectrophotometer using ARTAX spectra version 5.3.15.1. It is an open architecture model on a tripod equipped with a Rhodium tube with a beryllium window and a 650 micron collimator and no filter. Energy range is 0-50 KeV with a max voltage of 40kV and max current of 700µA. The scan time of 3 minutes. Note: The blanks show the glass slide substrates for the Forbes samples may contain measurable levels of arsenic, calcium, potassium, and/or zirconium.

3.11.x Cobalt Yellow

2013-08-01T15:27:14Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.11.x; 328 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.11 YELLOW - Cobalt Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cobalt Yellow #1, Beaverhall, 3/7/24
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Beaverhall
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1924
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 328
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide37 FC328.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.11 YELLOW - Cobalt Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

File:Slide37 FC328.PNG

2013-08-01T15:26:40Z

3.11.02 Cobalt yellow

2013-08-01T15:26:19Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.11.02; 3.11.2; 330 (NYU old); 327 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.11 YELLOW - Cobalt Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cobalt yellow, Castelfranco
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Castle France
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|zinc yellow with gypsum
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 327
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.11.2; 330 (old)
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.11.2
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.11.2
|
|-
| ICA-Cleveland
| 3.11.2
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.11.2; 330 (old)
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.11.2
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.11.2
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.11.2
|
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.11.02
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2323.jpg|SEM at 600x (MFA)
File:ChartImageLarge_2322.jpg|EDS (MFA)
File:ChartImageLarge_2744.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:ChartImageLarge_2324.jpg|XRD (MFA)
File:Slide36 FC327.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.11 YELLOW - Cobalt Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: ICA-Cleveland]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide36 FC327.PNG

2013-08-01T15:26:02Z

Lemon yellow

2013-08-01T15:25:22Z

MScollan:

[[File:Lemonyellow C100x.jpg|thumb|Lemon yellow (organic colorant on alum)]]
== Description ==

An unstandardized pigment name that is more associated with the color hue. Lemon yellow may contain one or more of the following yellow pigments: [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20chromate barium chromate], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=strontium%20chromate strontium chromate], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc%20chromate zinc chromate]. The name has also been used for yellow organic colorants. Lemon yellow was also called as ultramarine yellow.

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

ultramarine yellow; zinc chromate; barium chromate; strontium chromate; amarillo limón (Esp.); jaune citron (Fr.); amarelo limão (Port.)

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|f326sem.jpg~SEM|f327sem.jpg~SEM|f326edsbw.jpg~EDS|f327edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]

== Hazards and Safety ==

Human carcinogen. Skin contact may cause allergies. Acute ingestion may cause fatal chromium poisoning. Chronic inhalation may cause lung cancer and respiratory irritation. Combustible.

== Authority ==

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982

* Website address 1 Comment: Pigments Through the Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/leadwhite.html = barium yellow

[[Category:Materials database]]

3.08.19 Lemon Yellow

2013-08-01T15:24:53Z

MScollan: /* Charts */

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.08.19; 326 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Lemon Yellow, Tizian Color Co.
|-
! scope="row"|Collection Source
|EWF
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Tizian Color Co.; gift of J.N. Rosenburg
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|arylide dye on inert substrate
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 326
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.08.19
|
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.08.19
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2754.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide35 FC326.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide35 FC326.PNG

2013-08-01T15:24:34Z

Lemon yellow

2013-08-01T15:22:54Z

MScollan:

3.08.18 Lemon Yellow

2013-08-01T15:22:37Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.08.18; 324 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|[[Lemon yellow]], BaSrCrO4
|-
! scope="row"|Collection Source
|EWF
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|F. Weber
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|barium chromate
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 324
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.08.18
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.08.18
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.08.18
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.08.18
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.08.18
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.08.18
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.08.18
| Slide mounted
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.08.18
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2755.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide34 FC324.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide34 FC324.PNG

2013-08-01T15:21:38Z

3.10.19 Cadmium Yellow

2013-08-01T15:20:54Z

MScollan: /* Charts */

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.19; 322 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Yellow, pale, Lefranc, Paris
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Lefranc, Paris
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 322
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.19
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.10.19
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.19
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.19
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.10.19
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.19
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.09.19
|
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.10.19
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2773.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide32 FC322.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide32 FC322.PNG

2013-08-01T15:20:37Z

3.10.20 Cadmium Light

2013-08-01T15:20:08Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.20; 321 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Light
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Weber
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 321
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.20
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.10.20
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.20
| Two vials (A, B)
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.20
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.10.20
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.20 (a, b)
| three vials
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.09.20
|
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.10.20
| v
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide31 FC321.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide31 FC321.PNG

2013-08-01T15:19:41Z

3.10.02? Cadmium Yellow

2013-08-01T15:17:57Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.02?; 320 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Yellow, extra pale, Beaverhall, 3/7/24
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Beaverhall
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1924
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 320
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide30 FC320.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

File:Slide30 FC320.PNG

2013-08-01T15:17:28Z

3.10.06 Cadmium Lemon

2013-08-01T15:17:01Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.06; 3.10.6; 346 (NYU old); 319 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Lemon #23
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Harshaw Chem. Co.
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 319
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.6; 346 (old)
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.6
|
|-
| ICA-Cleveland
| 3.10.6
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.6; 346 (old)
| Slide specimen only
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.6
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide29 FC319.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: ICA-Cleveland]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]

File:Slide29 FC319.PNG

2013-08-01T15:16:35Z

3.10.17 Cadmium Yellow

2013-08-01T15:15:56Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.17; 318 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Yellow, Roberson
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Roberson
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 318
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.17
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.10.17
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.17
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.17
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.10.17
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.17
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.09.17
|
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.10.17
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2724.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide28 FC318.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide28 FC318.PNG

2013-08-01T15:15:34Z

3.10.02 Cadmium Yellow

2013-08-01T15:14:57Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.02; 3.10.2; 342 (NYU old); 316 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Yellow, pale, Beaverhall,
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Beaverhall
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 316
| gives date as 3/7/24
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.2; 342 (old)
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.2
|
|-
| ICA-Cleveland
| 3.10.2
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.2; 342 (old)
| Slide specimen only
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.2
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide26 FC316.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: ICA-Cleveland]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]

File:Slide26 FC316.PNG

2013-08-01T15:14:30Z

Cadmium yellow

2013-08-01T15:13:31Z

MScollan:

[[File:315 cad_yellow.jpg|thumb|Cadmium yellow]]
== Description ==

A permanent, yellow pigment composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cadmium%20sulfide cadmium sulfide]. Cadmium yellows were synthetically prepared in Germany by Friedrich Strohmeyer in 1817. The bright yellow pigments slowly began to be used as artist paints in the mid 1840s, gaining in popularity in the early 20th century. Variations in particle size and chemical composition produce as range of colors from light yellow to orange. In the 1920s, the cadmium pigments were co-precipitated with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20sulfate barium sulfate] to form the cheaper cadmium lithopone (cadmopone) pigments. Cadmium sulfide also occurs in minor amounts in the mineral greenockite.

[[File:Cdyellow C100x.jpg|thumb|Cadmium yellow]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

cadmium sulfide; Pigment Yellow 37; CI 77191; Kadmiumgelb (Deut.); jaune de cadmium (Fr.); cadmium sulphide (Br.); giallo di cadmio (It.); amarillo de cadmio (Esp.); kitrino toy kadmioy (Gr.); cadmiumgeel (Ned.); amarelo de cádmio (Port.); cadmium lithopone; cadmopone; Aurora yellow; daffodil; radiant yellow; cadmia; Orient yellow; jaune brilliant; Cadmolith

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|PIG315.jpg~XRD|f315sem.jpg~SEM|f315edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide25 FC315.PNG~XRF]]]

== Other Properties ==

Cubic or hexagonal crystals. Soluble in concentrated mineral acids with the evolution of H2S. Insoluble in water. May fluoresce red.

The tiny yellow particles (about 1 micrometer) have a high refractive index.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| Composition
| CdS
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 4.35
|-
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
| 144.48
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| e=2.506, w=2.529
|}

== Hazards and Safety ==

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Carcinogen.

== Additional Information ==

° I. Fiedler, M. Bayard, "Cadmium yellows, oranges and reds", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.

== Additional Images ==

<gallery>
File:14_Cadmium_yellow_500X.jpg|Cadmium yellow
File:14_Cadmium_yellow_500X_pol.jpg|Cadmium yellow
</gallery>

== Authority ==

* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 4.35 and ref. index = 2.35-2.48

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Website address 1 Comment: Pigments Through the Ages: http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/cdyellow.html - e=2.506, w=2.529

* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980

* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'

* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

[[Category:Materials database]]

3.10.15 Cadmium Yellow

2013-08-01T15:13:13Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.15; 315 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - [[Cadmium yellow]]
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Yellow, Roberson, 1926
|-
! scope="row"|Collection Source
|EWF
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Roberson
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1926
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|CdS, CdCO3
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 315
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.15
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.10.15
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.15
| Two vials (1, 2)
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.15
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.10.15
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.15
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.09.15
| Slide mounted
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.10.15
| v
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2729.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide25 FC315.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide25 FC315.PNG

2013-08-01T15:12:46Z

3.10.01 Cadmium Yellow

2013-08-01T15:12:16Z

MScollan: /* Charts */

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.01; 3.10.1; 341 (NYU old); 314 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Cadmium Yellow, dark, Beaverhall
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Beaverhall
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 314
| gives date as 3/7/24
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.1; 341 (old)
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.1
|
|-
| ICA-Cleveland
| 3.10.1
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.1; 341 (old)
| Slide specimen only
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.1
|
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2725.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide24 FC314.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: ICA-Cleveland]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]

File:Slide24 FC314.PNG

2013-08-01T15:11:59Z

File:Slide23 FC313.PNG

2013-08-01T15:11:32Z

3.10.16 Golden Cadmolith

2013-08-01T15:10:00Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.10.16; 768 (NYU old); 312 (MFA); 313 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Golden Cadmolith #768, Chemical and Pigment Co.
|-
! scope="row"|Collection Source
|EWF
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Chemical and Pigment Co.
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1934
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 312, 313
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.10.16; 768 (old)
|
|-
| Buffalo State
| 3.10.16
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.10.16
| Two vials (1, 2)
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.10.16; 768 (old)
|
|-
| Library of Congress
| 3.10.16
|
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.10.16
|
|-
| Walters-Baltimore
| 3.09.16
| Slide mounted
|-
| Winterthur
| 3.10.16
| v
|}

==Charts==

<gallery>
File:Slide22 FC312.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.10 YELLOW - Cadmium Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Buffalo State]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Walters-Baltimore]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Winterthur]]

File:Slide22 FC312.PNG

2013-08-01T15:09:32Z

3.08.x Chrome Yellow

2013-08-01T15:08:53Z

MScollan: /* Charts */

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.08.x; 310 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Chrome Yellow, light, Dec.1925
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1925
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|lead sulfate and lead chromate
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 310
|
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2740.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide20 FC310.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

File:Slide20 FC310.PNG

2013-08-01T15:08:34Z

3.08.02? Chrome Yellow

2013-08-01T15:08:04Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.08.02?; 308 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Chrome Yellow, Jan.1923
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|Jan. 1923
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 308
|
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2738.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:Slide18 FC308.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.08 YELLOW - Chrome Yellow]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

File:Slide18 FC308.PNG

2013-08-01T15:07:47Z

Chrome yellow

2013-08-01T15:07:14Z

MScollan:

[[File:306 chrome yellow.jpg|thumb|Chrome yellow]]
== Description ==

A toxic yellow artist's pigment containing [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead%20chromate lead chromate] sometimes mixed with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead%20sulfate lead sulfate]. Lead chromate can range in shade from lemon yellow to orange depending on its particle size, hydration state, and percent lead chromate. Chrome yellow, which came on the market in early 1800s, is permanent to visible light, but can darken with exposure to [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ultraviolet%20radiation UV radiation] or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=hydrogen%20sulfide hydrogen sulfide]. Chrome yellow is used in industrial paints, some artist's paints and ceramic glazes.

Other yellow chromate pigments are sometimes also called chrome yellow. [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Strontium%20chromate Strontium chromate], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc%20chromate zinc chromate], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20chromate barium chromate] are pale yellow pigments that are often mixed and called lemon yellow. Strontium chromate has more hiding power than the barium chromate. [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Zinc%20yellow Zinc yellow] is synthetically prepared zinc chromate. The pure material is stable and is used in oil and watercolor paints.

[[File:Cryellow C100x.jpg|thumb|Chromium yellow]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

Pigment Yellow 34; CI 77600; Chromgelb (Deut.); jaune de chrôme (Fr.); giallo cromo (It.); amarillo de cromo (Esp.); amarelo de crómio (Port.); Paris yellow; king's yellow; Vienna yellow; lemon yellow; jonquil chrome yellow; Cologne yellow; Leipzig yellow

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|ChromyelUCL.jpg~Raman|PIG306.jpg~XRD|f306sem.jpg~SEM|f306edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide16 FC306.PNG~XRF]]]

== Other Properties ==

Soluble in strong acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water.

High birefringence. Monoclinic prism crystals.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| Composition
| PbCrO4
|-
! scope="row"| CAS
| 7758-97-6
|-
! scope="row"| Melting Point
| 844
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 5.96 - 6.3
|-
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
| mol. wt. = 323.2
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| 2.31; 2.49
|}

== Hazards and Safety ==

Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers. Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.

Discolored by heat, UV light and sulfur fumes.

LINK: [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0003.html International Chemical Safety Card]

== Additional Information ==

° H. Kuhn, M.Curran, "Chrome Yellow and Other Chromate Pigments", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.° Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/cryellow.html Chrome yellow]

== Additional Images ==

<gallery>
File:12_Chrome_yellow_200X.jpg|Chrome yellow
</gallery>

== Authority ==

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.96 and ref. index = 2.31; 2.49

* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 445

* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985

* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982

* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996

* Website address 1 Comment: Pigments Through the Ages: http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/cryellow.html

* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980

* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"

* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976

* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983

* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

[[Category:Materials database]]

File:Slide16 FC306.PNG

2013-08-01T15:06:34Z

Litharge

2013-08-01T15:04:02Z

MScollan:

[[File:284 litharge.jpg|thumb|Litharge]]
== Description ==

A heavy yellow powder composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead%20monoxide lead monoxide]. Litharge is prepared as the oxidized product of molten lead that has been stirred or atomized to incorporate air then cooled and ground to form the yellow powder. [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Massicot Massicot], another crystalline form of lead monoxide, occurs naturally but can also be made by heating [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead%20carbonate%2C%20basic lead carbonate] to 300C. Litharge is lightly more orange than massicot due to some formation of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=red%20lead%20 red lead oxide]. Both forms of lead monoxide has been used as a [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=drier drier] in [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=oil oil] and as a low-fire [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=flux flux] in making [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ceramic ceramics] and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glass glass]. They were used as a yellow pigments in [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=paint paints] and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glaze glazes]. Thin layers of lead monoxide are used to produce iridescent colors on [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=brass brass] and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=bronze bronze]. It has also been used as a filler for [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rubber%2C%20natural rubber] and to produce artificial [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=tortoiseshell tortoiseshell] and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=horn horn]. Litharge is mixed with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glycerol glycerol] to make [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=litharge%20cement plumber's cement].

[[File:litharge2 C100x.jpg|thumb|litharge]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

massicot; lead monoxide; lithargyros (Gr.); plumbum ustum (Latin); Lithargit (Deut.); Massicot (Deut.); litharge (Fr.); litargirio (Esp.); litargirio (giallo di piombo) (It.); massicot (Ned.); litharge (Ned.); litargírio (Port.); yellow lead oxide; plumbous oxide

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|LithargeUCL.jpg~Raman|MFA- Litharge with lead carbonate.jpg~FTIR|PIG284.jpg~XRD|f284sem.jpg~SEM|f284edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide30 FC284.PNG~XRF]]]

== Other Properties ==

Soluble in acetic acid, dilute nitric acid and alkalis. Insoluble in water and ethanol. Turns gray on exposure to sulfur fumes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| Composition
| PbO
|-
! scope="row"| CAS
| 1317-36-8
|-
! scope="row"| Melting Point
| 888
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 9.40-9.53
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| 2.51; 2.71; 2.61
|}

== Hazards and Safety ==

Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers. Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.

LINK: [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0288.html International Chemical Safety Card]

== Authority ==

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density 9.40 and ref. index 2.51; 2.71; 2.61

* Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985

* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996

[[Category:Materials database]]

3.01.01 Litharge

2013-08-01T15:03:42Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.01.01; 3.01.1; 380 (old); 284 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.01 YELLOW - Litharge/Massicot
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|[[Litharge]], Massicot
|-
! scope="row"|Sample Composition
|PbO
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 284
|
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.01.1; 380 (old)
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.01.1
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.01.1; 380 (old)
| Slide specimen only
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.01.1
|
|}

== Charts ==

Click on any of the charts below for more information:

<gallery>
File:ChartImageLarge_2283.jpg|SEM at 600x (MFA)
File:ChartImageLarge_2282.jpg|EDS (MFA)
File:ChartImageLarge_2757.jpg|Raman (MFA)
File:ChartImageLarge_2311.jpg|XRD (MFA)
File:Slide30 FC284.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.01 YELLOW - Litharge/Massicot]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]

File:Slide30 FC284.PNG

2013-08-01T15:03:21Z

3.01.02? Litharge

2013-08-01T15:02:53Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.01.02?; 283 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.01 YELLOW - Litharge/Massicot
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Litharge, Roberson, 1929
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Roberson
|-
! scope="row"|Date
|1929
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| MFA-Boston
| 283
|
|}

==Charts==
<gallery>
File:Slide29 FC283.PNG|XRF (MFA)
</gallery>

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.01 YELLOW - Litharge/Massicot]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: MFA-Boston]]

File:Slide29 FC283.PNG

2013-08-01T15:02:26Z

3.04.16 Yellow ocher (no label)

2013-08-01T15:01:50Z

MScollan:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Number
|3.04.16; 138 (NYU old), 258 (MFA)
|-
! scope="row"|Pigment Classification
|3.04 YELLOW - Yellow Ochre
|-
! scope="row"|Bottle Label
|Yellow ocher (no label)
|-
! scope="row"|Supplier/Manufacturer
|Winsor Newton, London
|}

== Museums and labs that have a sample ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Lab Name
! scope="col"| Lab Number
! scope="col"| Comment
|-
| Brooklyn Museum
| 3.04.16; 138 (old)
|
|-
| DIA-Detroit
| 3.04.16
|
|-
| ICA-Cleveland
| 3.04.16
|
|-
| IFA-NYU
| 3.04.16; 138 (old)
| Slide specimen only
|-
| McRI-Chicago
| 3.04.16
|
|}

[[Category:Forbes Pigment Database]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Classification: 3.04 YELLOW - Yellow Ochre]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: Brooklyn Museum]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: DIA-Detroit]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: ICA-Cleveland]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: IFA-NYU]]
[[Category:Forbes Pigment Labs: McRI-Chicago]]

Yellow ocher

2013-08-01T15:01:22Z

MScollan:

[[File:258 yellow ocher.jpg|thumb|Yellow ocher]]
== Description ==

A natural yellow earth mineral primarily composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=goethite goethite] (iron hydroxide) and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=clay clay]. Yellow ochers occur naturally throughout the world and have been used as a pigment since prehistoric times. Synthetically produced yellow ocher pigment, introduced at the end of the 18th century, is sold under the name of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Mars%20yellow Mars yellow].

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|YellochrUCL.jpg~Raman|Goethiteitaly1.jpg~Raman|MFA- Yellow ochre (with clay).jpg~FTIR|PIG258.jpg~XRD|f258sem.jpg~SEM|f258edsbw.jpg~EDS|Slide28 FC258.PNG~XRF]]]

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

goethite; limonite; yellow ochre; ocre jaune (Fr.); yellow earth; earth yellow; Mars yellow; gold ochre; raw sienna; French ochre; raw umber

== Additional Images ==

<gallery>
File:589 pale yellow ocher.jpg|Yellow ocher, pale
File:yellowocher C100x.jpg|Yellow ocher
File:9_Yellow-ocher_500X.jpg|Yellow ocher
File:9_Yellow-ocher_200X_pol.jpg|Yellow ocher
</gallery>

== Authority ==

* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 558

* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996

[[Category:Materials database]]

File:Slide28 FC258.PNG

2013-08-01T15:00:05Z