Antimony trioxide - Revision history

MDerrick at 16:18, 26 February 2026

2026-02-26T16:18:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:18, 26 February 2026
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [[antimony\|antimony]] ore then mixing with [[barium%20sulfate\|barium sulfate]] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [[hydrogen%20sulfide\|hydrogen sulfide]], antimony oxide is often mixed with [[zinc%20oxide\|zinc oxide]] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.		A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [[antimony\|antimony]] ore then mixing with [[barium%20sulfate\|barium sulfate]] was introduced as an artists' pigment called [[Antimony white\|antimony white]] and [[Timonox]] in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [[hydrogen%20sulfide\|hydrogen sulfide]], antimony oxide is often mixed with [[zinc%20oxide\|zinc oxide]] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.
	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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	* Colorless in plane-polarized light.		* Colorless in plane-polarized light.
	* Isotropic with low birefringence.		* Isotropic with low birefringence.
			* Composition = Sb2O3 (mol. wt. = 291.5 g/mol.)
	~~{\| class~~=~~"wikitable"~~		* CAS = 1309-64-4
	\|-		* Melting Point = 655 C
	~~! scope~~=~~"row"\| Composition~~		* Density = 5.67-5.75 g/ml
	~~\| Sb2O3~~		* Refractive Index = 2.18; 2.35
	\|-		* Boiling Point = 1425 C
	~~! scope~~=~~"row"\| CAS~~
	\| 1309-64-4
	\|-
	~~! scope="row"\|~~ Melting Point
	\| 655
	\|-
	~~! scope~~=~~"row"\| Density~~
	\| 5.67-5.75 g/ml
	\|-
	~~! scope="row"\| Molecular Weight~~
	~~\| mol. wt. = 291.5~~
	\|-
	~~! scope="row"\|~~ Refractive Index
	\| 2.18; 2.35
	\|-
	~~! scope="row"\|~~ Boiling Point
	\| 1425 C
	\|}

	== Comparisons ==		== Comparisons ==
Line 52:		Line 34:

	* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919		* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919

	* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.75 and ref. index = 2.18;2.35		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.75 and ref. index = 2.18;2.35

	* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64		* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64

	* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993		* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

	* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979		* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

	* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 752		* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 752

	* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000		* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
			* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_trioxide Antimony trioxide] Accessed Feb 2026


	[[Category:Materials database]]		[[Category:Materials database]]

MDerrick at 19:31, 27 April 2022

2022-04-27T19:31:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:31, 27 April 2022
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	A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [[antimony\|antimony]] ore then mixing with [[barium%20sulfate\|barium sulfate]] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [[hydrogen%20sulfide\|hydrogen sulfide]], antimony oxide is often mixed with [[zinc%20oxide\|zinc oxide]] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.		A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [[antimony\|antimony]] ore then mixing with [[barium%20sulfate\|barium sulfate]] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [[hydrogen%20sulfide\|hydrogen sulfide]], antimony oxide is often mixed with [[zinc%20oxide\|zinc oxide]] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.
			[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

	antimony (III) oxide; antimony white; antimony oxide; Pigment White 11; Antimontrioxid (Deut.); Antimonweiss (Deut.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); oxyde d'antimoine (Fr.); leyko toy antimonioy (Gr.); bianco di antimonio (It.); triossido d'antimonio (It.); antimoon wit (Ned.); trióxido de antimónio (Port.); diantimony trioxide; antimony sesquioxide; flowers of antimony; exitelite; senarmontite; valentinite; weisspiessglanz; Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];		antimony (III) oxide; antimony white; antimony oxide; Pigment White 11; Antimontrioxid (Deut.); Antimonweiss (Deut.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); oxyde d'antimoine (Fr.); leyko toy antimonioy (Gr.); bianco di antimonio (It.); triossido d'antimonio (It.); antimoon wit (Ned.); trióxido de antimónio (Port.); diantimony trioxide; antimony sesquioxide; flowers of antimony; exitelite; senarmontite; valentinite; weisspiessglanz; Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];

	~~[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]~~		== Risks ==

	== ~~Other Properties~~ ==		* Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
			* Skin contact is corrosive.
			* Fumes are carcinogenic.
			* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=A860500&productDescription=ANTIMONY+TRIOXIDE+CERTIFD+500G&vendorId=VN00033897&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]

	~~Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric~~ and ~~sulfuric acids, strong alkalis. Insoluble in water.~~		== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

	Fine crystals (about 1 micron) appearing rounded or cubic. Colorless in plane-polarized light. Isotropic with low birefringence.		* Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, strong alkalis. Insoluble in water.
			* Fine crystals (about 1 micron) appearing rounded or cubic.
			* Colorless in plane-polarized light.
			* Isotropic with low birefringence.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|-		\|-
	! scope="row"\| Melting Point		! scope="row"\| Melting Point
	\| 655		\| 655
	\|-		\|-
	! scope="row"\| Density		! scope="row"\| Density
	\| 5.67-5.75		\| 5.67-5.75 g/ml
	\|-		\|-
	! scope="row"\| Molecular Weight		! scope="row"\| Molecular Weight
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	\|-		\|-
	! scope="row"\| Boiling Point		! scope="row"\| Boiling Point
	\| 1425		\| 1425 C
	\|}		\|}

	~~== Hazards and Safety ==~~

	~~Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Skin contact is corrosive. Fumes are carcinogenic.~~

	~~[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0012.html International Chemical Safety Card]~~

	~~== Additional Information ==~~

	~~° R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.~~

	== Comparisons ==		== Comparisons ==
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	[[media:download_file_508.pdf\|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]		[[media:download_file_508.pdf\|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]

			==Resources and Citations==

	== ~~Sources Checked for Data in Record~~ ==

	* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919		* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919

Jruggiero: Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record =="

2016-04-29T18:42:35Z

Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record =="

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 29 April 2016
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	== ~~Authority~~ ==		== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==

	* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919		* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919

GEthier: /* Description */

2014-01-07T19:34:17Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 7 January 2014
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~antimony antimony] ore then mixing with [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~barium%20sulfate barium sulfate] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~hydrogen%20sulfide hydrogen sulfide], antimony oxide is often mixed with [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~zinc%20oxide zinc oxide] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.		A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [[antimony\|antimony]] ore then mixing with [[barium%20sulfate\|barium sulfate]] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [[hydrogen%20sulfide\|hydrogen sulfide]], antimony oxide is often mixed with [[zinc%20oxide\|zinc oxide]] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

Unknown user at 12:48, 24 July 2013

2013-07-24T12:48:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:48, 24 July 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=antimony antimony] ore then mixing with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium ~~sulfate~~ barium sulfate] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=hydrogen ~~sulfide~~ hydrogen sulfide], antimony oxide is often mixed with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc ~~oxide~~ zinc oxide] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.		A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=antimony antimony] ore then mixing with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20sulfate barium sulfate] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=hydrogen%20sulfide hydrogen sulfide], antimony oxide is often mixed with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc%20oxide zinc oxide] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

	antimony (III) oxide; antimony white; antimony oxide; Pigment White 11; Antimontrioxid (Deut.); Antimonweiss (Deut.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); oxyde d'antimoine (Fr.); leyko toy antimonioy (Gr.); bianco di antimonio (It.); triossido d'antimonio (It.); antimoon wit (Ned.); ~~trixido~~ de ~~antimnio~~ (Port.); diantimony trioxide; antimony sesquioxide; flowers of antimony; exitelite; senarmontite; valentinite; weisspiessglanz; Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];		antimony (III) oxide; antimony white; antimony oxide; Pigment White 11; Antimontrioxid (Deut.); Antimonweiss (Deut.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); oxyde d'antimoine (Fr.); leyko toy antimonioy (Gr.); bianco di antimonio (It.); triossido d'antimonio (It.); antimoon wit (Ned.); trióxido de antimónio (Port.); diantimony trioxide; antimony sesquioxide; flowers of antimony; exitelite; senarmontite; valentinite; weisspiessglanz; Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];

	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
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	== Additional Information ==		== Additional Information ==

	R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.		° R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.

	== Comparisons ==		== Comparisons ==
Line 57:		Line 57:
	== Authority ==		== Authority ==

	* ~~Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall,~~ Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919		* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919

	* ~~R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout,~~ R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.75 and ref. index = 2.18;2.35		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.75 and ref. index = 2.18;2.35

	* ~~G.S.Brady,~~ G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64		* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64

	* ~~Richard S. Lewis,~~ Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993		* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

	* ~~Michael McCann,~~ Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979		* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

	* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 752		* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 752

Unknown user at 18:25, 27 April 2013

2013-04-27T18:25:07Z

New page

== Description ==

A white crystalline powder that occurs in nature as the mineral valentinite. Synthetic antimony trioxide, produced by roasting [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=antimony antimony] ore then mixing with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium sulfate barium sulfate] was introduced as an artists' pigment called antimony white and Timonox in 1919. It is inert, has good hiding power, and low oil absorption. Since it is darkened by [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=hydrogen sulfide hydrogen sulfide], antimony oxide is often mixed with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc oxide zinc oxide] which has preferential absorption for that gas (Gettens and Stout 1966). Some samples may contain senarmonite and/or valentinite, two known mineral forms of antimony oxide. Octahedral arsenic oxide may also be present as an impurity. Antimony trioxide is used as a white pigment and opacifiers in waxes, enamels, and glasses. It is also used to flameproof textiles, paper, and plastic.

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

antimony (III) oxide; antimony white; antimony oxide; Pigment White 11; Antimontrioxid (Deut.); Antimonweiss (Deut.); blanc d'antimoine (Fr.); oxyde d'antimoine (Fr.); leyko toy antimonioy (Gr.); bianco di antimonio (It.); triossido d'antimonio (It.); antimoon wit (Ned.); trixido de antimnio (Port.); diantimony trioxide; antimony sesquioxide; flowers of antimony; exitelite; senarmontite; valentinite; weisspiessglanz; Timonox [Cookson Lead and Antimony, England];

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|antimony trioxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]

== Other Properties ==

Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, strong alkalis. Insoluble in water.

Fine crystals (about 1 micron) appearing rounded or cubic. Colorless in plane-polarized light. Isotropic with low birefringence.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| Composition
| Sb2O3
|-
! scope="row"| CAS
| 1309-64-4
|-
! scope="row"| Melting Point
| 655
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 5.67-5.75
|-
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
| mol. wt. = 291.5
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| 2.18; 2.35
|-
! scope="row"| Boiling Point
| 1425
|}

== Hazards and Safety ==

Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Skin contact is corrosive. Fumes are carcinogenic.

[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0012.html International Chemical Safety Card]

== Additional Information ==

R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.

== Comparisons ==

[[media:download_file_508.pdf|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]

== Authority ==

* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: refractive index=2.087. Date for Timonox=1919

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 5.75 and ref. index = 2.18;2.35

* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 64

* Richard S. Lewis, Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

* Michael McCann, Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 752

* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

[[Category:Materials database]]