Gum arabic - Revision history

MDerrick at 19:08, 27 August 2022

2022-08-27T19:08:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:08, 27 August 2022
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	[[File:51.360-SC120628.jpg\|thumb\|]]		[[File:51.360-SC120628.jpg\|thumb\|Womans' headress<br>MFA# 51.360]]
	== Description ==		== Description ==
			[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg\|thumb\|Acacia tree]]
	A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [[Acacia]] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [[arabinose]], [[galactose]], [[rhamnose]], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [[borax]], [[ethyl alcohol\|alcohol]], or [[sodium silicate]]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [[lampblack]].		A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [[Acacia]] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [[arabinose]], [[galactose]], [[rhamnose]], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [[borax]], [[ethyl alcohol\|alcohol]], or [[sodium silicate]]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [[lampblack]].

	[[File:~~Acacia~~-~~treef5~~.jpg\|thumb\|~~Acacia tree~~]]		[[File:Arabic-gumf5.jpg\|thumb\|Pieces of gum arabic]]

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

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	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Gum Arabic, 100.B16.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Gum Arabic, 100.B16.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]

	== ~~Other Properties~~ ==		== Risks ==

	Soluble in hot and cold water, glycerol and propylene glycol. Insoluble in ethanol and hydrocarbon solvents. Very little autofluorescence. Produces no color in iodine.		* Skin contact and inhalation may cause allergic reactions.
			* Nonflammable.

			== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

			* Soluble in hot and cold water, glycerol and propylene glycol. Insoluble in ethanol and hydrocarbon solvents.
			* Very little autofluorescence.
			* Produces no color in iodine.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|-		\|-
	! scope="row"\| Density		! scope="row"\| Density
	\| 1.35-1.49		\| 1.35-1.49 g/ml
	\|-		\|-
	! scope="row"\| Refractive Index		! scope="row"\| Refractive Index
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	\|}		\|}

	== ~~Hazards~~ and ~~Safety~~ ==		==Resources and Citations==
			* R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.
	~~Skin contact and inhalation may cause allergic reactions. Nonflammable.~~

	~~Mallinckrodt Baker: [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/a0012.htm MSDS]~~

	~~== Additional Information ==~~

	° R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.

	~~== Additional Images ==~~

	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Arabic-gumf5.jpg\|Pieces of gum arabic~~
	~~</gallery>~~


	~~== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==~~

	* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"		* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"
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	* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993		* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003~~, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service~~.		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003.

	* Wikipedia~~, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment~~: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)		* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)

	* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966

EMysak at 12:54, 11 March 2020

2020-03-11T12:54:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:54, 11 March 2020
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	goma arábiga (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum		goma arábiga (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum

	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|~~MFA-~~ Gum Arabic.~~jpg~~~FTIR]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Gum Arabic, 100.B16.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]

	== Other Properties ==		== Other Properties ==

Jruggiero: Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record =="

2016-05-01T11:02:24Z

Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record =="

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:02, 1 May 2016
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	== ~~Authority~~ ==		== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==

	* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"		* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"

GEthier: /* Description */

2014-01-16T15:35:05Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:35, 16 January 2014
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Acacia~~ Acacia] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=arabinose~~ arabinose], [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galactose~~ galactose], [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rhamnose~~ rhamnose], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=borax~~ borax], [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~ethyl~~%20alcohol~~ alcohol], or [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sodium%20silicate~~ sodium silicate]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lampblack~~ lampblack].		A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [[Acacia]] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [[arabinose]], [[galactose]], [[rhamnose]], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [[borax]], [[ethyl alcohol\|alcohol]], or [[sodium silicate]]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [[lampblack]].

	[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg\|thumb\|Acacia tree]]		[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg\|thumb\|Acacia tree]]

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

Unknown user at 12:47, 24 July 2013

2013-07-24T12:47:06Z

Unknown user at 18:23, 27 April 2013

2013-04-27T18:23:45Z

New page

[[File:51.360-SC120628.jpg|thumb|]]
== Description ==

A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Acacia Acacia] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=arabinose arabinose], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galactose galactose], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rhamnose rhamnose], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=borax borax], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ethyl alcohol alcohol], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sodium silicate sodium silicate]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lampblack lampblack].

[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg|thumb|Acacia tree]]
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

goma arbiga (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- Gum Arabic.jpg~FTIR]]]

== Other Properties ==

Soluble in hot and cold water, glycerol and propylene glycol. Insoluble in ethanol and hydrocarbon solvents. Very little autofluorescence. Produces no color in iodine.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| CAS
| 9000-01-5
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 1.35-1.49
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| 1.476 (solid)
|}

== Hazards and Safety ==

Skin contact and inhalation may cause allergic reactions. Nonflammable.

Mallinckrodt Baker: [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/a0012.htm MSDS]

== Additional Information ==

R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.

== Additional Images ==

<gallery>
File:Arabic-gumf5.jpg|Pieces of gum arabic
</gallery>

== Authority ==

* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"

* Richard S. Lewis, Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service.

* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966

* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982

* M. Doerner, M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934

* Reed Kay, Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

* Michael McCann, Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

* Book and Paper Group, Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989

* John S. Mills, Raymond White, John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994

* Thomas B. Brill, Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = solid=1.476; 10% solution = 1.334

* I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter

* Random House, Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983

* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

* Website address 1, Website address 1 Comment: "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html

* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4; ref. index=1.480

[[Category:Materials database]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 24 July 2013
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Acacia Acacia] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=arabinose arabinose], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galactose galactose], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rhamnose rhamnose], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=borax borax], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ethyl ~~alcohol~~ alcohol], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sodium ~~silicate~~ sodium silicate]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lampblack lampblack].		A water soluble gum commonly used in binding media of paints. Gum arabic is the amorphous exudate from the stem of several species of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Acacia Acacia] trees, especially ''Acacia senegal ''and ''Acacia arabica'', found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most gum arabic coming from the sub-Sahara region in Africa. Gum arabic contains [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=arabinose arabinose], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galactose galactose], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rhamnose rhamnose], and glucuronic acid. It is sold in the form of round lumps, granules, thin flakes or as a powder; all of which may be white or slightly yellowish. Gum arabic is completely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a viscous solution. However, heating a gum arabic solution to the boiling point will cause it to darken and will change its adhesion properties. Aqueous solutions of gum arabic will precipitate or gel with the addition of ferric salts, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=borax borax], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ethyl%20alcohol alcohol], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sodium%20silicate sodium silicate]. Gum arabic is used in watercolor paints, inks, lithographs, and for textile sizing. The earliest known inks consisted of gum arabic and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lampblack lampblack].

	[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg\|thumb\|Acacia tree]]		[[File:Acacia-treef5.jpg\|thumb\|Acacia tree]]
	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

	goma ~~arbiga~~ (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum		goma arábiga (Esp.); gomme d'acacia (Fr.); gomme arabique (Fr.); gomma di acacia (It); gomma arabica (It); kordofan; picked turkey; white sennar; senegal gum; ghezineh gum; gomme blonde; gomme blanche; gum acacia, East India gum; kami; wattle gum

	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|MFA- Gum Arabic.jpg~FTIR]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|MFA- Gum Arabic.jpg~FTIR]]]
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	== Additional Information ==		== Additional Information ==

	R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.		° R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 475-494.

	== Additional Images ==		== Additional Images ==
Line 48:		Line 48:
	* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"		* ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technologies'', Paul Nicholson, Ian Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 Comment: R.Newman, M.Serpico, "Adhesives and Binders"

	* ~~Richard S. Lewis,~~ Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993		* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from ~~Encyclopdia~~ Britannica Premium Service.		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: Acacia. Retrieved June 1, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.

	* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)		* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_arabic (Accessed Nov. 2, 2005)

	* ~~R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout,~~ R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966

	* ~~Ralph Mayer,~~ Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)		* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

	* ~~Matt Roberts, Don Etherington,~~ Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982		* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982

	* ~~M. Doerner,~~ M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934		* M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934

	* ~~Reed Kay,~~ Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983		* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

	* ~~Michael McCann,~~ Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979		* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

	* ~~Book and Paper Group,~~ Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989		* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989

	* ~~John S. Mills, Raymond White,~~ John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994		* John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994

	* ~~Thomas B. Brill,~~ Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = solid=1.476; 10% solution = 1.334		* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref. index = solid=1.476; 10% solution = 1.334

	* ~~I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird,~~ I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter		* I.W. Cottrell, J.K. Baird, gums chapter

	* ~~Random House,~~ Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997		* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

	* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983		* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983
Line 80:		Line 80:
	* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000		* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

	* ~~Website address 1,~~ Website address 1 Comment: "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html		* Website address 1 Comment: "Violin Varnish Glossary" at www.violins.on.ca/luthier.vargloss.html

	* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4; ref. index=1.480		* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.3-1.4; ref. index=1.480