Kermes - Revision history

MDerrick: /* Physical and Chemical Properties */

2026-05-08T15:24:50Z

Physical and Chemical Properties

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	* Kermisic acid is soluble in hot water, ethyl ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water.		* Kermisic acid is soluble in hot water, ethyl ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water.
	* In sulfuric acid, it forms a violet red that turns blue by adding boric acid.		* In sulfuric acid, it forms a violet red that turns blue by adding boric acid.
			* Good washfastness with proteins
			* Sensitive to light, alkalinity and oxidation

	== Resources and Citations ==		== Resources and Citations ==

MDerrick at 15:18, 8 May 2026

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	A natural red dye obtained from the dried bodies of the female insects, ''Kermes vermilio'' Planchon and ''Kermes ilicis'' (formerly ''Coccus ilicis''), found in southern Europe on the small evergreen kermes oak, ''Quercus coccifera''. Kermes dye, used since ancient times, has about one-tenth the coloring power of cochineal. The primary colorant, [[kermesic acid]], is extracted by water. Kermes also contains 18-32% tannins and is used for making a dark color leather. Crimson lake pigment was made from kermes by extraction with alkali then precipitation on [[alumina trihydrate]]. It was used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Crimson lake was rarely used after carmine became popular in the 16th century and its use discontinued in the 19th century with the introduction of madder and alizarin lakes.		A natural red dye obtained from the dried bodies of the female insects, ''Kermes vermilio'' Planchon and ''Kermes ilicis'' (formerly ''Coccus ilicis''), found in southern Europe on the small evergreen kermes oak, ''Quercus coccifera''. Kermes dye, used since ancient times, has about one-tenth the coloring power of cochineal. The primary colorant, [[kermesic acid]], is extracted by water. Kermes also contains 18-32% tannins and is used for making a dark color leather. Crimson lake pigment was made from kermes by extraction with alkali then precipitation on [[alumina trihydrate]]. It was used by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Crimson lake was rarely used after carmine became popular in the 16th century and its use discontinued in the 19th century with the introduction of madder and alizarin lakes.
			[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Kermes insects.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

	''Kermes vermilio''; Natural Red 3; CI 75460; Scharlachkoerner (Deut.); grana quermes (Esp., Port.); scarlatum (Lat.); chermes (It.); Kermes (Deut.); kermès (Fr;); kermis (Gr.); kokkos bafikos (Gr.); carminio (It.); kermes (Ned.); kermes lake; kermesic acid; grain lake; kermin berry; kermes berry; crimson lake; carmine lake		''Kermes vermilio''; Natural Red 3; CI 75460; Scharlachkoerner (Deut.); grana quermes (Esp., Port.); scarlatum (Lat.); chermes (It.); Kermes (Deut.); kermès (Fr;); kermis (Gr.); kokkos bafikos (Gr.); carminio (It.); kermes (Ned.); kermes lake; kermesic acid; grain lake; kermin berry; kermes berry; crimson lake; carmine lake

	~~[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Kermes insects.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]~~
	== Physical and Chemical Properties ==		== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */

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Resources and Citations

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	* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.		* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
			* ColourLex: [https://colourlex.com/project/carmine-kermes/ Carmine Kermes]
	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004
	* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'		* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'

MDerrick at 13:24, 28 April 2026

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	* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.		* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004
	* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'		* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'
	* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, ''Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification'', Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969		* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, ''Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification'', Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969
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	* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980		* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
	* The Color of Art Pigment Database: [https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#natural_pigments Red Pigments]		* The Color of Art Pigment Database: [https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#natural_pigments Red Pigments]
	* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(dye) Kermes (dye)]		* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(dye) Kermes (dye)] Accessed April 2026

	[[Category:Materials database]]		[[Category:Materials database]]

MDerrick: /* Resources and Citations */

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Resources and Citations

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 27 April 2026
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	* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980		* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
	* The Color of Art Pigment Database: [https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#natural_pigments Red Pigments]		* The Color of Art Pigment Database: [https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#natural_pigments Red Pigments]
			* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(dye) Kermes (dye)]

	[[Category:Materials database]]		[[Category:Materials database]]

MDerrick at 14:26, 27 April 2026

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	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Kermes insects.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Kermes insects.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]

	== Physical and Chemical Properties ==		== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

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	* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000		* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
	* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980		* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
			* The Color of Art Pigment Database: [https://www.artiscreation.com/red.html#natural_pigments Red Pigments]


	[[Category:Materials database]]		[[Category:Materials database]]

MDerrick at 17:28, 6 March 2026

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MDerrick at 18:32, 22 September 2022

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	== Physical and Chemical Properties ==		== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

	Kermisic acid is soluble in hot water, ethyl ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water. In sulfuric acid, it forms a violet red that turns blue by adding boric acid.		* Kermisic acid is soluble in hot water, ethyl ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water.
			* In sulfuric acid, it forms a violet red that turns blue by adding boric acid.

	== Resources and Citations ==		== Resources and Citations ==
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	* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, ''Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification'', Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969		* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, ''Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification'', Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969

	* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', ''Painted Wood: History and Conservation'', The Getty Conservation ~~Insitute~~, Los Angeles, 1998		* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', ''Painted Wood: History and Conservation'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1998

	* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: ''Coccus ilicis''		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: ''Coccus ilicis''
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	* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998		* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998

	* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, ~~http~~://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000		* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

	* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980		* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980

MDerrick at 21:35, 15 August 2020

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	== Resources and Citations ==		== Resources and Citations ==

	H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.		* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.

	~~== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==~~

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004 .

MDerrick at 21:34, 15 August 2020

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	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Kermes insects.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|Kermes insects.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]

	== ~~Other~~ Properties ==		== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

	Kermisic acid is soluble in hot water, ethyl ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water. In sulfuric acid, it forms a violet red that turns blue by adding boric acid.		Kermisic acid is soluble in hot water, ethyl ether. It is slightly soluble in cold water. In sulfuric acid, it forms a violet red that turns blue by adding boric acid.

	== ~~Additional Information~~ ==		== Resources and Citations ==

	H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.		H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
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	== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==		== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ~~"Kermes." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. -~~ ''Kermes ilicis'' 6 May 2004 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004 .

	* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'		* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'

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	== Description ==		== Description ==

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	* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.		* H. Schweppe, H.Roosen-Runge, "Carmine-Cochineal Carmine and Kermes Carmine", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: ''Kermes ilicis'' Accessed 6 May 2004 .

	* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'		* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigments'

	* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, ''Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification'', Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969		* Judith Hofenk-de Graaff, ''Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification'', Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969

	* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', ''Painted Wood: History and Conservation'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1998		* J. Thornton, 'The Use of Dyes and Colored Varnishes in Wood Polychromy', ''Painted Wood: History and Conservation'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1998

	* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: ''Coccus ilicis''		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: ''Coccus ilicis''

	* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)		* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

	* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986		* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986

	* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971		* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971

	* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997		* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

	* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998		* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998

	* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000		* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

	* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980		* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980