Soybean oil - Revision history

MDerrick at 20:17, 2 June 2022

2022-06-02T20:17:36Z

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	* Soybean oil is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide.		* Soybean oil is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide.
	* Saponification number = 190-200; Iodine number = 121-139; Acid number = 0-5.		* Saponification number = 190-200;
	* Melting Point = 22-31		* Iodine number = 121-139;
	* Density = 0.924-0.926		* Acid number = 0-5.
			* Melting Point = 22-31 C
			* Density = 0.924-0.926 g/ml
	* Refractive Index = 1.4760-1.4775		* Refractive Index = 1.4760-1.4775

	== ~~Sources Checked for Data in Record~~ ==		==Resources and Citations==

	* Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations		* Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations
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	* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879		* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." ~~Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service~~ 12 Apr. 2005 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." Accessed 12 Apr. 2005 .

	* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations
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	* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = -16.0, density=0.927, ref. index = 1.4729, iodine value=130, saponification value = 190.6; palmitic acid (9.8%), stearic acid (2.4%), oleic acid (28.9%), linoleic acid (50.7%); linolenic acid (6.5%)		* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = -16.0, density=0.927, ref. index = 1.4729, iodine value=130, saponification value = 190.6; palmitic acid (9.8%), stearic acid (2.4%), oleic acid (28.9%), linoleic acid (50.7%); linolenic acid (6.5%)

	* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, ~~http~~://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000		* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000



	[[Category:Materials database]]		[[Category:Materials database]]

MDerrick: /* Synonyms and Related Terms */

2020-06-18T18:38:38Z

Synonyms and Related Terms

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	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

	''Soja hispida; Soja japonica; Phaseolus hispida''; aceite de soja (Esp.); huile de soja (Fr.); olio di soia (It); bean oil; Chinese bean oil; soy oil; soya bean oil; soja bean oil; Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors [Hunt Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia PA]		''Glycine max, Soja hispida; Soja japonica; Phaseolus hispida''; aceite de soja (Esp.); huile de soja (Fr.); olio di soia (It); bean oil; Chinese bean oil; soy oil; soya bean oil; soja bean oil; Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors [Hunt Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia PA]

	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|aaiSOYOIL.jpg~FTIR]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|aaiSOYOIL.jpg~FTIR]]]

MDerrick: /* Description */

2020-06-18T18:38:12Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 18 June 2020
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [[palmitic%20acid\|palmitic]] (12-14%), [[oleic%20acid\|oleic]] (25-26%), [[linoleic%20acid\|linoleic]] (53-57%), [[stearic%20acid\|stearic]] (2%) and [[linolenic%20acid\|linolenic]] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [[additive\|additive]] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [[paint\|paints]], [[adhesive\|adhesives]], fertilizers, [[linoleum\|linoleum]], cloth [[size\|sizing]], insect sprays and [[fire%20extinguisher\|fire extinguishers]].		A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Glycine max''; ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [[palmitic%20acid\|palmitic]] (12-14%), [[oleic%20acid\|oleic]] (25-26%), [[linoleic%20acid\|linoleic]] (53-57%), [[stearic%20acid\|stearic]] (2%) and [[linolenic%20acid\|linolenic]] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [[additive\|additive]] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [[paint\|paints]], [[adhesive\|adhesives]], fertilizers, [[linoleum\|linoleum]], cloth [[size\|sizing]], insect sprays and [[fire%20extinguisher\|fire extinguishers]].

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

MDerrick: /* Sources Checked for Data in Record */

2020-06-18T18:23:35Z

Sources Checked for Data in Record

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	* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879		* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." ~~Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005.~~ Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service 12 Apr. 2005 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service 12 Apr. 2005 .

	* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations

MDerrick: /* Other Properties */

2020-06-18T18:22:53Z

Other Properties

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	[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|aaiSOYOIL.jpg~FTIR]]]		[[[SliderGallery rightalign\|aaiSOYOIL.jpg~FTIR]]]

	== ~~Other~~ Properties ==		== Physical and Chemical Properties ==

	~~Liquid~~ is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide. Saponification number = 190-200; Iodine number = 121-139; Acid number = 0-5.		* Soybean oil is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide.
			* Saponification number = 190-200; Iodine number = 121-139; Acid number = 0-5.
	~~{\| class="wikitable"~~		* Melting Point = 22-31
	\|-		* Density = 0.924-0.926
	~~! scope="row"\|~~ Melting Point		* Refractive Index = 1.4760-1.4775
	\| 22-31
	\|-
	~~! scope~~=~~"row"\| Density~~
	\| 0.924-0.926
	\|-
	~~! scope="row"\|~~ Refractive Index
	\| 1.4760-1.4775
	\|}

	== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==		== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==

Jruggiero: Text replace - "\[http:\/\/cameo\.mfa\.org\/materials\/fullrecord\.asp\?name=([^\s]+)\s(.*)\]" to "$2"

2016-05-10T17:20:24Z

Text replace - "\[http:\/\/cameo\.mfa\.org\/materials\/fullrecord\.asp\?name=([^\s]+)\s(.*)\]" to "$2"

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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~palmitic%20acid palmitic] (12-14%), [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~oleic%20acid oleic] (25-26%), [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~linoleic%20acid linoleic] (53-57%), [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~stearic%20acid stearic] (2%) and [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~linolenic%20acid linolenic] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~additive additive] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~paint paints], [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~adhesive adhesives], fertilizers, [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~linoleum linoleum], cloth [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~size sizing], insect sprays and [~~http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=~~fire%20extinguisher fire extinguishers].		A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [[palmitic%20acid\|palmitic]] (12-14%), [[oleic%20acid\|oleic]] (25-26%), [[linoleic%20acid\|linoleic]] (53-57%), [[stearic%20acid\|stearic]] (2%) and [[linolenic%20acid\|linolenic]] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [[additive\|additive]] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [[paint\|paints]], [[adhesive\|adhesives]], fertilizers, [[linoleum\|linoleum]], cloth [[size\|sizing]], insect sprays and [[fire%20extinguisher\|fire extinguishers]].

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

Jruggiero: Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record =="

2016-05-01T23:44:36Z

Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record =="

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	\|}		\|}

	== ~~Authority~~ ==		== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==

	* Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations		* Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations

Unknown user at 12:47, 24 July 2013

2013-07-24T12:47:59Z

Unknown user at 18:24, 27 April 2013

2013-04-27T18:24:29Z

New page

[[File:Soybeans_ipmimages.org.jpg|thumb|Soybean]]
== Description ==

A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=palmitic acid palmitic] (12-14%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=oleic acid oleic] (25-26%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linoleic acid linoleic] (53-57%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=stearic acid stearic] (2%) and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linolenic acid linolenic] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=additive additive] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=paint paints], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=adhesive adhesives], fertilizers, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linoleum linoleum], cloth [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=size sizing], insect sprays and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fire extinguisher fire extinguishers].

== Synonyms and Related Terms ==

''Soja hispida; Soja japonica; Phaseolus hispida''; aceite de soja (Esp.); huile de soja (Fr.); olio di soia (It); bean oil; Chinese bean oil; soy oil; soya bean oil; soja bean oil; Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors [Hunt Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia PA]

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|aaiSOYOIL.jpg~FTIR]]]

== Other Properties ==

Liquid is soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide. Saponification number = 190-200; Iodine number = 121-139; Acid number = 0-5.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row"| Melting Point
| 22-31
|-
! scope="row"| Density
| 0.924-0.926
|-
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
| 1.4760-1.4775
|}

== Authority ==

* Thomas J.S. Learner, Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations

* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p/ 746

* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879

* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service 12 Apr. 2005 .

* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations

* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

* Reed Kay, Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

* Kurt Wehlte, Kurt Wehlte, ''The Materials and Techniques of Painting'', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975 Comment: p. 387

* M. Doerner, M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934

* Richard S. Lewis, Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

* Random House, Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998

* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: melting point = -16.0, density=0.927, ref. index = 1.4729, iodine value=130, saponification value = 190.6; palmitic acid (9.8%), stearic acid (2.4%), oleic acid (28.9%), linoleic acid (50.7%); linolenic acid (6.5%)

* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

[[Category:Materials database]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 24 July 2013
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=palmitic ~~acid~~ palmitic] (12-14%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=oleic ~~acid~~ oleic] (25-26%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linoleic ~~acid~~ linoleic] (53-57%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=stearic ~~acid~~ stearic] (2%) and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linolenic ~~acid~~ linolenic] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=additive additive] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=paint paints], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=adhesive adhesives], fertilizers, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linoleum linoleum], cloth [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=size sizing], insect sprays and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fire ~~extinguisher~~ fire extinguishers].		A pale yellow, semidrying oil obtained from the beans of the soya plants, ''Soja hispida'', ''Soja japonica'', or ''Phaseolus hispida''. Originally native to Asia, the soybean is now cultivated throughout the world. Soybean oil contains the following fatty acids: [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=palmitic%20acid palmitic] (12-14%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=oleic%20acid oleic] (25-26%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linoleic%20acid linoleic] (53-57%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=stearic%20acid stearic] (2%) and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linolenic%20acid linolenic] (3-8%). The oil dries slowly to form a soft, clear film. The film, however, remains tacky and darkens with age. Soybean oil has been used as an [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=additive additive] in alkyd-based industrial paints. It was also used in Fidelis Artist's Oil Colors. Commercially, soybean oil is used in margarine, shortening, vegetarian food products, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=paint paints], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=adhesive adhesives], fertilizers, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linoleum linoleum], cloth [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=size sizing], insect sprays and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fire%20extinguisher fire extinguishers].

	== Synonyms and Related Terms ==		== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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	== Authority ==		== Authority ==

	* ~~Thomas J.S. Learner,~~ Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations		* Thomas J.S. Learner, ''Analysis of Modern Paints'', Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004 Comment: source for some fatty acid consentrations

	* ~~G.S.Brady,~~ G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p/ 746		* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p/ 746

	* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879		* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8879

	* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." ~~Encyclopdia~~ Britannica. 2005. ~~Encyclopdia~~ Britannica Premium Service 12 Apr. 2005 .		* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "soybean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service 12 Apr. 2005 .

	* ~~R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout,~~ R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations		* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: source for some fatty acid concentrations

	* ~~Ralph Mayer,~~ Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)		* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

	* ~~Reed Kay,~~ Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983		* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

	* ~~Kurt Wehlte,~~ Kurt Wehlte, ''The Materials and Techniques of Painting'', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975 Comment: p. 387		* Kurt Wehlte, ''The Materials and Techniques of Painting'', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975 Comment: p. 387

	* ~~M. Doerner,~~ M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934		* M. Doerner, ''The Materials of the Artist'', Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934

	* ~~Richard S. Lewis,~~ Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993		* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

	* ~~Random House,~~ Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997		* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

	* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998		* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998