Difference between revisions of "Animal glue"

Latest revision as of 11:06, 24 April 2022

Description

A strong, liquid adhesive derived from animal tissues. Animal glue primarily consists of gelatin and lower molecular weight residues of Collagen, Keratin, and Elastin. The primary amino acids in animal glues are: Glycine (24.7%), proline, Alanine (10.1%), Glutamic acid (9.7%), arginine (8.2%), and Hydroxyproline (7.4%) (Mills and White 1994). Gelatin (size) is similar to animal glue, but purer and better refined. Animal glue has been made from ancient times from bones, skins, muscles, and intestines of animals (fish, goats, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, etc.). These agglutinating materials are hydrolyzed and broken down in boiling water; the cooled solution yields a jelly-like substance which is gelatin or glue. The water soluble glue occurs in a wide variety of forms and colors ranging from transparent to opaque and white to brown. Glue is soaked in cool water to form a turbid jelly that will become clear and thinner with gentle heating. Glue will decompose and darken when it is boiled. Top-quality animal glues are made from rabbitskin, sturgeon bladders, and parchment clippings. Hide glues are used in the manufacture of wood joinery, book binding, gessoes, gilding, abrasive papers, gummed tapes, and matches. Bone glues are used as carton and box adhesives. Animal glues are commercially available as pellets, hot melts, or a liquid solutions (with a plasticizer or preservative).

Synonyms and Related Terms

glue; gelatin; colle animale (Fr.); adhésif animal (Fr.); colle forte (Fr.); cola animal (Port.); cola animal (Esp.); gelatina (Esp.); colla animale (It); colla di carnicci (It); colla cervona (It); colla di coniglio (It)

Examples include: isinglass; fish glue; bone glue; parchment glue; Cologne glue; calfskin glue; sazenbon nikawa; hide glue; rabbitskin glue; sturgeon glue; pearl glue; carpenter's glue; scotch glue

Applications

Risks

Usually darkens with time.
Susceptible to microbiological attack.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in water (pH = 6.0-7.5).
Insoluble in oils, waxes, organic solvents, ethanol.
Fluoresces yellow in ultraviolet light.
Density = ~ 1.27 g/ml
Refractive Index = 1.516-1.534 (gelatin)

Resources and Citations

M.Haupt, D.Dyer, J. Hanlan "An Investigation into Three Animal Glues" The Conservator, No. 14, pp. 10-16, 1990.

J.Hubbard, "Animal Glues" in Handbook of Adhesives, I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.139-151.

J.S. Mills, R.White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1994.

G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971

Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981

Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982

Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989

Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997

Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Adhesive." [Accessed 3 Sept. 2004]

Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 == Description ==
-A strong, liquid adhesive derived from animal tissues. Animal glue primarily consists of gelatin and lower molecular weight residues of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=collagen collagen], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=keratin keratin], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=elastin elastin]. The primary amino acids in animal glues are: [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glycine glycine] (24.7%), proline, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=alanine alanine] (10.1%), [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glutamic acid glutamic acid] (9.7%), arginine (8.2%), and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=hydroxyproline hydroxyproline] (7.4%) (Mills and White 1994). [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Gelatin Gelatin] (size) is similar to animal glue, but purer and better refined. Animal glue has been made from ancient times from bones, skins, muscles, and intestines of animals (fish, goats, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, etc.). These agglutinating materials are hydrolyzed and broken down in boiling water; the cooled solution yields a jelly-like substance which is gelatin or glue. The water soluble glue occurs in a wide variety of forms and colors ranging from transparent to opaque and white to brown. Glue is soaked in cool water to form a turbid jelly that will become clear and thinner with gentle heating. Glue will decompose and darken when it is boiled. Top-quality animal glues are made from [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rabbitskin glue rabbitskin], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=isinglass sturgeon] bladders, and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=parchment glue parchment] clippings. [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Hide glue Hide glues] are used in the manufacture of wood joinery, book binding, gessoes, gilding, abrasive papers, gummed tapes, and matches. [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Bone glue Bone glues] are used as carton and box adhesives. Animal glues are commercially available as pellets, hot melts, or a liquid solutions (with a plasticizer or preservative).
+A strong, liquid adhesive derived from animal tissues. Animal glue primarily consists of gelatin and lower molecular weight residues of [[collagen|collagen]], [[keratin|keratin]], and [[elastin|elastin]]. The primary amino acids in animal glues are: [[glycine|glycine]] (24.7%), proline, [[alanine|alanine]] (10.1%), [[glutamic%20acid|glutamic acid]] (9.7%), arginine (8.2%), and [[hydroxyproline|hydroxyproline]] (7.4%) (Mills and White 1994). [[Gelatin|Gelatin]] (size) is similar to animal glue, but purer and better refined. Animal glue has been made from ancient times from bones, skins, muscles, and intestines of animals (fish, goats, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, etc.). These agglutinating materials are hydrolyzed and broken down in boiling water; the cooled solution yields a jelly-like substance which is gelatin or glue. The water soluble glue occurs in a wide variety of forms and colors ranging from transparent to opaque and white to brown. Glue is soaked in cool water to form a turbid jelly that will become clear and thinner with gentle heating. Glue will decompose and darken when it is boiled. Top-quality animal glues are made from [[rabbitskin%20glue|rabbitskin]], [[isinglass|sturgeon]] bladders, and [[parchment%20glue|parchment]] clippings. [[Hide%20glue|Hide glues]] are used in the manufacture of wood joinery, book binding, gessoes, gilding, abrasive papers, gummed tapes, and matches. [[Bone%20glue|Bone glues]] are used as carton and box adhesives. Animal glues are commercially available as pellets, hot melts, or a liquid solutions (with a plasticizer or preservative).
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
-glue; gelatin; colle animale (Fr.); adhsif animal (Fr.); colle forte (Fr.); cola animal (Port.); cola animal (Esp.); gelatina (Esp.); colla animale (It); colla di carnicci (It); colla cervona (It); colla di coniglio (It)
+glue; gelatin; colle animale (Fr.); adhésif animal (Fr.); colle forte (Fr.); cola animal (Port.); cola animal (Esp.); gelatina (Esp.); colla animale (It); colla di carnicci (It); colla cervona (It); colla di coniglio (It)
 Examples include: isinglass; fish glue; bone glue; parchment glue; Cologne glue; calfskin glue; sazenbon nikawa; hide glue; rabbitskin glue; sturgeon glue; pearl glue; carpenter's glue; scotch glue
-== Other Properties ==
+== Applications ==
-Soluble in water (pH = 6.0-7.5). Insoluble in oils, waxes, organic solvents, ethanol.
+== Risks ==
-Fluoresces yellow in ultraviolet light.
+* Usually darkens with time.
+* Susceptible to microbiological attack.
-{| class="wikitable"
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-|-
-! scope="row"| Density
-| ~ 1.27
-|-
-! scope="row"| Refractive Index
-| 1.516-1.534 (gelatin)
-|}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+* Soluble in water (pH = 6.0-7.5).
+* Insoluble in oils, waxes, organic solvents, ethanol.
+* Fluoresces yellow in ultraviolet light.
+* Density = ~ 1.27 g/ml
+* Refractive Index = 1.516-1.534 (gelatin)
-Usually darkens with time. Susceptible to microbiological attack.
+==Resources and Citations==
-== Additional Information ==
+* M.Haupt, D.Dyer, J. Hanlan "An Investigation into Three Animal Glues" ''The Conservator'', No. 14, pp. 10-16, 1990.
-M.Haupt, D.Dyer, J. Hanlan "An Investigation into Three Animal Glues" ''The Conservator'', No. 14, pp. 10-16, 1990. J.Hubbard, "Animal Glues" in ''Handbook of Adhesives'', I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.139-151. J.S. Mills, R.White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1994.
+* J.Hubbard, "Animal Glues" in ''Handbook of Adhesives'', I.Skeist (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977, p.139-151.
-== Authority ==
+* J.S. Mills, R.White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heinemann, London, 1994.
-* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
+* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
-* Reed Kay, Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
+* Reed Kay, ''The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials'', Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
-* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
+* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
-* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
+* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
-* Book and Paper Group, Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
+* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
-* Conservation Support Systems, Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
+* Conservation Support Systems, Catalog, 1997
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Adhesive." Encyclopdia Britannica. 3 Sept. 2004  .
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Adhesive." [Accessed 3 Sept. 2004]
 * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000