View source for Madder (Rubia akane) LC

[[File:Japanese madder.jpg|thumb|Roots of ''Rubia akane''. Photo from http://blog.goo.ne.jp/hisakosumi/]]

== Description ==

''Rubia akane'', also known as ''Rubia argyi'', is a perennial climber growing to 1 m. The flowers are hermaphrodite. It can grow in semi-shade and prefers dry or moist soil.

== Historical importance ==

''R. akan''a was used for centuries as a red dyestuff in Japan.

== Summary of results ==



== Analytical instrumentation and procedures == 

[1]

'''Extraction of plant material'''

Samples of plant specimens were extracted by heating about 10 mg of the ground or chopped, dry plant with 1.0 mL of methanol/water (1:1) at 65 °C for 1 h. The supernatant liquid was removed by pipet and was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for about 5 min, after which the clear supernatant was subjected to analysis. This solution was diluted with methanol/water (1:1) if necessary.

'''Extraction of dyed textiles or fibers'''

Dyed textile or yarn specimens were extracted using a “soft” procedure, namely, by heating approximately 0.1–1 mg of fibers in 200 μL of a solution of pyridine/water/1.0 M oxalic acid in water (95:95:10) at 100 °C for 15 min.

'''HCl treated'''

The plant extracts were heated in 2 M HCl at 95 °C for 60 min to hydrolyze O-glycosides or to promote decarboxylation.

'''Analysis of dye components'''

Extracts of plant material or of dyed silk or wool were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection using an Agilent 1100 high performance liquid chromatography system consisting of an automatic injector, a gradient pump, a Hewlett-Packard series 1100 photodiode array detector, and an Agilent series 1100 VL on-line atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Operation of the system and data analysis were done using ChemStation software, and detection was generally done in the negative ion [M-H]– mode. Separation of dye components was made, in the majority of cases, on a Vydac C18 reversed phase column (2.1 µm dia.×250 µm long; 5-µm particle size). Columns were eluted with acetonitrile-water gradients containing 0.1 % formic acid in both solvents.

== Chromatograms ==

HPLC profiles for Rubia akane. Elution was monitored at 450 nm. The numbers over the peaks are the molecule masses of the principal of otherwise significant components [1].

[[File:Rubia akane LC.PNG|center|frame|Absorbance at 450nm (mAU)]]


== Sample information ==

[[File:Madder table 1.PNG|center|frame|compounds found in extracts of various species of Rubia or Rubia-dyes textiles. By R. A. Laursen, Boston University ]]

== Identified compounds ==

[[[SliderGallery rightalign|~HPLC-DAD|.JPG~ UV-Vis|.jpg~ UV-Vis]]]



== References ==

[1] Chika Mouri and Richard Laursen "Identification of anthraquinone markers for distinguishing Rubia species in madder-dyed textiles by HPLC" Microchimica Acta October 2012, Volume 179, Issue 1–2, pp 105–113


[[Category:Dye Analysis]]
[[Category:Reference Materials]]
[[Category:Natural Dyes]]