Difference between revisions of "Titanium white"

Latest revision as of 15:31, 10 June 2022

Titanium white

Description

Titanium white pigments

Although the name titanium white can refer to any white pigment containing a titanium compound (such as titanium lithopone), the most important titanium white pigments are the synthetic products consisting mainly of Titanium dioxide, either as the pure compound or as a composite, often with Barium sulfate or Calcium sulfate as a base; in some cases, surface coatings are applied to achieve certain properties. Two of the three crystal forms of titanium dioxide, Anatase and Rutile have been developed as white pigments. Although ground mineral rutile was used as a colored pigment, the industrial processes required to produce white anatase-based pigments were developed from about 1910 onward, and companies were formed in 1916 in Norway (Titan Company A/S) and in the United States (Titanium Pigment Company) which were in full scale production by 1918 and 1919, respectively. Composite pigments were easier to produce than pure anatase; one anatase pigment containing 83% titanium dioxide was produced in Norway in 1918, but it was discontinued in 1919 in favor of composites. Pure anatase pigment was first commercially available in France in 1923 and after 1926 in the United States. Rutile pigments had better hiding power and weathering characteristics (less prone to chalking), and laboratory scale products patented in 1931 in Europe and the United States underwent development until commercial production began in 1937.

Titanium dioxide is a very stable compound with a high refractive index, its high hiding power making it eminently suitable for use in paint; in the 1920s, the requirement in many countries to find an alternative to the toxic Lead white contributed to its uptake in the industry. In addition, it has been used in pastels, inks, paper, enamels, ceramics, glass, leather treatments, textiles, rubber and plastics. Artists' paints labelled as titanium white may contain other white pigments, often Zinc white, as well as fillers.

Synonyms and Related Terms

Titanium dioxide; titania; Pigment White 6; CI 77891; dioxyde de titane (Fr.); blanc de titane (Fr.); Titandioxid (Deut., Sven.); bianco di titanio (It.); dióxido de titanio (Esp.); titandioksid (Nor.); titaanwit (Ned.); Titanweiss (Deut.); Titanox; Kronos; Permalba; Permanent White (Winsor & Newton); Permanentwit (Koninklijke Talens); titanium lithopone; barium titanate; zinc titanate; potassium titanate; titanium phthalate; titanium silicate

Raman

XRD

SEM

EDS

Risks

Nontoxic.
Noncombustible.
No significant hazards.
Langridge Colours: SDS

Comparisons

Characteristics of Common White Pigments

Additional Images

Titanium white at 500x
Titanium white at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)

Resources and Citations

M.Laver, "Titanium Dioxide Whites", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.

Walter C. McCrone, "Polarized Light Microscopy in Conservation: A Personal Perspective" JAIC 33(2):101-14, 1994. (contains a table of dates on the history of titanium white as a pigment)

Pigments Through the Ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/tiwhite.html

The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: "Pigments"

Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:535 titanium white.jpg|thumb|Titanium white]]
 == Description ==
+[[File:titanum_white_Vegvari.jpg|thumb|Titanium white pigments]]
+Although the name titanium white can refer to any white pigment containing a titanium compound (such as titanium lithopone), the most important titanium white pigments are the synthetic products consisting mainly of [[titanium dioxide]], either as the pure compound or as a composite, often with [[barium sulfate]] or [[calcium sulfate]] as a base; in some cases, surface coatings are applied to achieve certain properties. Two of the three crystal forms of titanium dioxide, [[anatase]] and [[rutile]] have been developed as white pigments. Although ground mineral rutile was used as a colored pigment, the industrial processes required to produce white anatase-based pigments were developed from about 1910 onward, and companies were formed in 1916 in Norway (Titan Company A/S) and in the United States (Titanium Pigment Company) which were in full scale production by 1918 and 1919, respectively. Composite pigments were easier to produce than pure anatase; one anatase pigment containing 83% titanium dioxide was produced in Norway in 1918, but it was discontinued in 1919 in favor of composites.  Pure anatase pigment was first commercially available in France in 1923 and after 1926 in the United States. Rutile pigments had better hiding power and weathering characteristics (less prone to chalking), and laboratory scale products patented in 1931 in Europe and the United States underwent development until commercial production began in 1937.
-A durable white paint pigment used in the 20th century. Titanium white is composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=titanium%20dioxide titanium dioxide]. It is a very stable compound with a high refractive index. Titanium white pigment was prepared from ground [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=rutile rutile] as early as 1870. Synthetic titanium dioxide was first prepared in 1906. In 1916, it was manufactured simultaneously in Norway (Titan Co.) and the United States (Titanium Pigment Corp.). The pigment was sold under the name of Titanox and contained 25% titanium dioxide co-precipitated with 75% [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=calcium%20sulfate calcium sulfate], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20sulfate barium sulfate]. Both pure titanium and barium base titanium pigments have a very fine texture. Prior to 1938, only [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=anatase anatase] was synthetically produced. However, white paints with anatase were subject to chalking and yellowing, so manufacturing shifted to the use of rutile in 1938 and only rutile white pigments were commercially produced since 1940. Currently, titanium pigments are usually sold as admixtures with zinc oxide. In addition to paints, titanium dioxide is used as a pigment in paper coatings, textiles, leather, ink, glass, and ceramic glazes.
+Titanium dioxide is a very stable compound with a high refractive index, its high hiding power making it eminently suitable for use in paint; in the 1920s, the requirement in many countries to find an alternative to the toxic [[lead white]] contributed to its uptake in the industry. In addition, it has been used in pastels, inks, paper, enamels, ceramics, glass, leather treatments, textiles, rubber and plastics. Artists' paints labelled as titanium white may contain other white pigments, often [[zinc white]], as well as fillers.
-[[File:titanum_white_Vegvari.jpg|thumb|Titanium white pigments]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
-Titanox; titanium dioxide; titania; Pigment White 6; CI 77891; dioxyde de titane (Fr.); blanc de titane (Fr.); Titandioxid (Deut., Sven.); bianco di titanio (It.); dióxido de titanio (Esp.); titandioksid (Nor.);titaanwit (Ned.); Titanweiss (Deut.)
+Titanium dioxide; titania; Pigment White 6; CI 77891; dioxyde de titane (Fr.); blanc de titane (Fr.); Titandioxid (Deut., Sven.); bianco di titanio (It.); dióxido de titanio (Esp.); titandioksid (Nor.); titaanwit (Ned.); Titanweiss (Deut.); Titanox; Kronos; Permalba; Permanent White (Winsor & Newton); Permanentwit (Koninklijke Talens); titanium lithopone; barium titanate; zinc titanate; potassium titanate; titanium phthalate; titanium silicate
 [[[SliderGallery rightalign|tiwhite632.jpg~Raman|PIG533.jpg~XRD|f533sem.jpg~SEM|f536sem.jpg~SEM|f533edsbw.jpg~EDS|f536edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
-== Other Properties ==
+== Risks ==
-Particle size =  0.2-0.5 micrometers.
-Fluoresces a deep purple in ultraviolet light ; mixtures with zinc oxide fluoresce green-yellow.
+* Nontoxic.
+* Noncombustible.
-Resistant to acids and alkalis.  Insoluble in water.
+* No significant hazards.
+* Langridge Colours: [http://langridgecolours.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Titanium_White_Pigment-SDS.pdf SDS]
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! scope="row"| Composition
-| TiO2
-|-
-! scope="row"| CAS
-| 13463-67-7
-|-
-! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 1640 (dec)
-|-
-! scope="row"| Density
-| 4.26
-|-
-! scope="row"| Refractive Index
-| 2.5-2.7
-|}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
-Nontoxic.  Noncombustible.
-No significant hazards.
-LINK: [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0338.html International Chemical Safety Card]
-== Additional Information ==
-° M.Laver, "Titanium Dioxide Whites", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997. ° Walter C. McCrone, "Polarized Light Microscopy in Conservation: A Personal Perspective" ''JAIC'' 33(2):101-14, 1994. (contains a table of dates on the history of titanium white as a pigment)
 == Comparisons ==
-[[media:download_file_518.pdf|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]
+[[media:download_file_517.pdf|Characteristics of Common White Pigments]]
 == Additional Images ==
 <gallery>
-File:3_Titanium_white_500X_R.jpg|Titanium white
+File:3_Titanium_white_500X_R.jpg|Titanium white at 500x
-File:Titanium white C100x.jpg|Titanium white
+File:Titanium white C100x.jpg|Titanium white at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)
 </gallery>
+==Resources and Citations==
+* M.Laver, "Titanium Dioxide Whites", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
-== Authority ==
+* Walter C. McCrone, "Polarized Light Microscopy in Conservation: A Personal Perspective" ''JAIC'' 33(2):101-14, 1994. (contains a table of dates on the history of titanium white as a pigment)
-* Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through the Ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/tiwhite.html
+* Pigments Through the Ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/tiwhite.html
 * ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: "Pigments"
-* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
+* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 [[Category:Materials database]]