Category:Madder/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant
Madder 茜 (akane) and Safflower 紅花 (benibana): Madder and safflower are the most commonly found reds used in Ukiyo-e prints prior to the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860s. Safflower and madder are each found as single colorants as well as mixtures of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower, which was known to be expensive. When the two red colorants are present in the same red region, it has been found that the concentration of madder is much higher on the front of the prints, while safflower appears stronger on the back. This is likely because safflower readily penetrates the paper while madder remains on the upper surface.
For additional information see: Madder, Madder (Rubia tinctorum) LC, Madder (Indian madder, Rubia cordifolia) LC, Madder (Rubia akane) LC, Uemura Dye Archive: Japanese madder 293, 230, Rubia tinctorum (Kew), Rubia cordifolia (Kew), Rubia argyi (Kew)
For additional information see: Safflower, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) LC, Uemura Dye Archive: Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius (Kew)
Examples of Madder + Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints
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Analysis
Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: Safflower and Madder. Note on the examples shown above, that not only does the visible shape of the contour plot change, but also the visible maxima regions shift to lower locations, when measured from the front and back. This later difference was more apparent when the individual spectral curves were examined.
3D EEM plots for Red references 
Overlay of EEM curves for Red references 
Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references
List of Prints
Below is a list of prints where madder was detected.
Pages in category "Madder/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant"
The following 41 pages are in this category, out of 41 total.
E
- Eisen, Early Winter: The Day of the Boar in the Tenth Month, from the series Customs of the Four Seasons and Children at Play, 11.25587
- Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946
- Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 21.4917
- Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21
- Eishi, Utamaki of the Takeya, kamuro Futaba and Midori, from the series New Year Fashions as Fresh as Young Leaves, 21.4912
- Eizan, Kashiku of the Tsuruya, from the series Array of Beauties of the Pleasure Quarters, 11.17716
H
- Harunobu, Courtesan and Kamuro Looking at the Face of a Komusô Reflected in a Mirror, 45.833
- Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633
- Hokusai, Act I, from the series The Storehouse of Loyal Retainers, a Primer, 11.17539
- Hokusai, Act VII, from the series The Storehouse of Loyal Retainers, a Primer, 11.17604
- Hokusai, Actor Ichikawa Omezô I as the Shamaness, 21.10216
- Hokusai, Actor Matsumoto Kôshirô IV as Banzui Chôbei, 21.10200
- Hokusai, Actor Sakata Hangorô III as a Traveling Priest, actually Chinzei Hachirô Tametomo, 21.10199
- Hokusai, Actors Ichikawa Monnosuke II as Akaneya Hanshichi and Yamashita Mangiku as Sankatsu, 54.229
- Hokusai, Dance of the Gods at the Heavenly Cave part 2, 11.20433
- Hokusai, Ferry Boat Passing Bridge Pillar, 11.20445
- Hokusai, Patterns for Collage Pictures (Oshi-e): Kakinomoto Hitomaro and Kikujidô, 11.20198
- Hokusai, Sunset Glow at Seta, from the series Eight Views of Ômi, a New Edition, 06.797
- Hokusai, The Jewel River of Bush-clover (Hagi), at Noji in Ômi Province, from the series Fashionable Six Jewel Rivers, 11.20453
- Hokusai, The Kaminarimon Gate at Sensô-ji Temple in Asakusa, 11.19640
- Hokusai, The Third Month: Contest of Floral Beauty, from an untitled series of Niwaka festival dances representing the Twelve Months, 11.20049
- Hokusai, Urashima Tarô Visits the Dragon Palace, from the series Newly Published Perspective Pictures, 11.17547
- Hokusai, Women and Children Returning from an Inari Shrine Festival, 11.19636
K
- Kiyomitsu I, Actors Ôtani Hiroji III as Okabe no Rokuyata and Nakamura Sukegorô II as Inomata no Koheiroku, 46.1409
- Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880
- Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 21.5610
- Koryusai, Descending Geese at Mimeguri, from the series Fashionable Eight Views of Edo, 11.14627
- Koryusai, Twilight Snow of the Bride, from the series Eight Views of Fashionable Human Relations, 11.19541
- Kunisada, Actor Nakamura Utaemon III as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, from the series Great Hit Plays, 11.15095
- Kunisada, Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II, from the series Actor Rebuses, 11.42324
- Kunisada, Moon Viewing at Mukôjima, a Triptych, from the series Moon, Snow and Flowers, 11.15216
- Kuniyoshi, (Actor Ichikawa Ebizô V as) Inuyama Dôsetsu, from the series The Lives of Eight Brave and Loyal Dog Heroes, 11.28841
- Kuniyoshi, Drying Board Suggesting Hiyodorigoe, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36363
- Kuniyoshi, The Ninth Hour: Noon; Woman Playing with Cat, Fishmonger and Dog, from the series Sundial of Modern Tradesmen, 11.15955
S
U
- Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267
- Utamaro I, The Geisha Ogie Matsuzô, Mine, and Ito, 11.14373
- Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364