Difference between revisions of "Additive (adhesives, paints, and plastic)"
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Revision as of 13:54, 3 June 2023
Description
In terms of polymers or paints, an additive is a chemical substance, usually in small quantities, that is added to a base material for the purpose of modifying the properties of the end product. Additives an change the performance (flexibility, UV resistance, etc.) or appearance ( color, opacity, etc.). Plastics and paints often contain around 20 additives, most of which are unlisted components considered trade secrets. As such, their toxicity to humans and the environment is often unknown. Some of the additives are weakly bound to the polymeric matrix which can lead to separation and/or degradation.
Examples of additives include:
| Additive Type | Typical concentration (%) | Description | Example compounds | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accelerator | ||||
| Adhesion promoter | ||||
| Antioxidant | ||||
| Anti-sag agent | ||||
| Anti-skin agent | ||||
| Antistatic agent | ||||
| Biocide | ||||
| Coalescing agent | ||||
| Colorant | ||||
| Defoaming agent | ||||
| Dispersant | ||||
| Drier | ||||
| Emulsifier | ||||
| Filler | ||||
| Flame retardant | 1-30 | Used to minimize burning | Most commonly used are brominated and chlorinated paraffins | Non-chlorinated organoiphosphates are safer but do not work as well |
| Heat stabilizer | 0.3-5 | minimizes degradation due to heat exposure | Traditionally, derivatives of lead, tin and cadmium were used | |
| Inhibitor | ||||
| Pigment | ||||
| Plasticizer | 10-70 | Provide flexibility | Phthalates are most common followed by adipate esdter and citrate esters | PVCs use the most plasticizers followed by cellulose acetate |
| Size | ||||
| Stabilizer | ||||
| Thickener |
Synonyms and Related Terms
additives (pl.); modifier; admixture; Additive (Deut.); additif (Fr.); aditivo (Port.)
Resources and Citations
- Monona Rossol, 'Water-Based Latex Paints'
- Theodore J. Reinhart, 'Glossary of Terms', '2019 NYCOSH webinar on paints handout, Engineered Plastics, ASM International, 1988
- ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
- Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
- Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
- Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
- Wikipedia: |Plastic Additives (Accessed June 2023)