Difference between revisions of "Alabaster"
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| − | [[File:20.1136-E11786CR-d1.jpg|thumb|]] | + | [[File:20.1136-E11786CR-d1.jpg|thumb|Egyptian beaker<br>MFA# 20.1136]] |
== Description == | == Description == | ||
Fine grained, compact variety of [[gypsum|gypsum]] (hydrated calcium sulfate), usually white or pale colored and translucent. Alabaster is soft and can be scratched slightly with a fingernail. It also dissolves slowly in wet environments. Alabaster was used since ancient times in the Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, and Italy for ornamental building work, sculpture, vases, and small decorative carvings. Powdered alabaster has been used as a paper filler and paint pigment called mineral white or terra alba. | Fine grained, compact variety of [[gypsum|gypsum]] (hydrated calcium sulfate), usually white or pale colored and translucent. Alabaster is soft and can be scratched slightly with a fingernail. It also dissolves slowly in wet environments. Alabaster was used since ancient times in the Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, and Italy for ornamental building work, sculpture, vases, and small decorative carvings. Powdered alabaster has been used as a paper filler and paint pigment called mineral white or terra alba. | ||
| − | The word alabaster is derived from the Greek word for substance. In ancient times, it was used to refer to several other minerals such as [[limestone%20onyx|limestone onyx]], [[travertine|travertine]] and [[calcite|calcite]]. | + | The word alabaster is derived from the Greek word for substance. In ancient times, it was used to refer to several other minerals such as [[limestone%20onyx|limestone onyx]], [[travertine|travertine]] and [[calcite|calcite]]. See also [[Egyptian%20alabaster|Egyptian alabaster]]. |
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| − | See also [[Egyptian%20alabaster|Egyptian alabaster]]. | ||
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| + | [[File:66.893-SC51470.jpg|thumb|Alabaster stele<br>MFA# 66.893]] | ||
| + | [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Gypsum PMA.TIF~FTIR (PMA)|Gypsum (calcium sulfate) copy.tif~Raman (MFA)|PIGCASO4.jpg~XRD (MFA)]]] | ||
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
gypsum; satin spar; alabastrine; Alabaster (Deut., Pol., Sven.); alabastro (Esp., It., Port.); albâtre (Fr.); albast (Ned.) | gypsum; satin spar; alabastrine; Alabaster (Deut., Pol., Sven.); alabastro (Esp., It., Port.); albâtre (Fr.); albast (Ned.) | ||
| − | == | + | == Risks == |
| − | + | May be damaged by water and abrasion. | |
| − | + | '''Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below''' | |
| + | ° [http://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Oddy_Test_Results:_Case_Construction_Materials#Alabaster0001 Alabaster] tested in 2008 | ||
| + | == Physical and Chemical Properties == | ||
| − | Streak | + | * Slightly soluble in water |
| + | * Monoclinic crystal system | ||
| + | * Fracture = conchoidal to splintery | ||
| + | * Cleavage = good in one direction | ||
| + | * Luster = waxy to vitreous | ||
| + | * Streak = white | ||
| + | * Fluorescence = often purple | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 31: | Line 37: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"| Density | ! scope="row"| Density | ||
| − | | 2.31-2.33 | + | | 2.31-2.33 g/ml |
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! scope="row"| Refractive Index | ||
| + | | 1.520 - 1.529 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! scope="row"| Birefringence | ||
| + | | 0.009-0.010 | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | == | + | == Resources and Citations == |
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| + | * B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology'', P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 21-22. | ||
* A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 | * A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 | ||
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* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Alabaster' | * ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Alabaster' | ||
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* Janet Burnett Grossman, ''Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone'', J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003 | * Janet Burnett Grossman, ''Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone'', J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003 | ||
| − | + | * Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016. | |
* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) | * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing) | ||
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* Sue Fuller, ''Rocks and Minerals'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995 | * Sue Fuller, ''Rocks and Minerals'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995 | ||
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* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 | * Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 | ||
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386 | ||
| − | + | * Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster Alabaster] (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006 and Jan 2023) | |
| − | * Wikipedia | ||
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* ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.26-2.32 | * ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.26-2.32 | ||
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* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985 | * Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985 | ||
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* Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981 | * Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, ''A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques'', Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981 | ||
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* Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 | ||
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | * Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997 | ||
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Materials database]][[Category:MWG]] | |
| − | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:15, 24 January 2023
Description
Fine grained, compact variety of Gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate), usually white or pale colored and translucent. Alabaster is soft and can be scratched slightly with a fingernail. It also dissolves slowly in wet environments. Alabaster was used since ancient times in the Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Greece, Algeria, Tunisia, and Italy for ornamental building work, sculpture, vases, and small decorative carvings. Powdered alabaster has been used as a paper filler and paint pigment called mineral white or terra alba.
The word alabaster is derived from the Greek word for substance. In ancient times, it was used to refer to several other minerals such as Limestone onyx, Travertine and Calcite. See also Egyptian alabaster.
Synonyms and Related Terms
gypsum; satin spar; alabastrine; Alabaster (Deut., Pol., Sven.); alabastro (Esp., It., Port.); albâtre (Fr.); albast (Ned.)
Risks
May be damaged by water and abrasion.
Links to Oddy Test results posted on AIC Wiki Materials Database Pages for individual materials below ° Alabaster tested in 2008
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Slightly soluble in water
- Monoclinic crystal system
- Fracture = conchoidal to splintery
- Cleavage = good in one direction
- Luster = waxy to vitreous
- Streak = white
- Fluorescence = often purple
| Composition | CaSO4.2H2O |
|---|---|
| Mohs Hardness | 1.5 - 2.0 |
| Density | 2.31-2.33 g/ml |
| Refractive Index | 1.520 - 1.529 |
| Birefringence | 0.009-0.010 |
Resources and Citations
- B.Aston, J.Harrell, I.Shaw, "Stone" in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, P.Nicholson, I.Shaw (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 21-22.
- A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962
- The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Alabaster'
- Janet Burnett Grossman, Looking at Greek and Roman Sculpture in Stone, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2003
- Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
- Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
- Sue Fuller, Rocks and Minerals, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1995
- Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 386
- Wikipedia: Alabaster (Accessed Mar. 1, 2006 and Jan 2023)
- CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=2.26-2.32
- Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
- Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998