Difference between revisions of "Category:Iron Oxide Red: Ukiyo-e colorant"

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[[File:SC129706.jpg|right|300px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Utagawa Hiroshige I]]
 
[[File:SC129706.jpg|right|300px|link=Hiroshige I, Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 11.35823|Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Utagawa Hiroshige I]]
  
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<font size="3">'''[[Hematite|Iron oxide red]]'''</font> 弁柄(''bengara''): A colorant derived from hematite, a metallic black-gray or dark red mineral primarily composed of [[ferric oxide|iron oxide]].
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<font size="3">'''[[Hematite|Iron oxide red]]'''</font> 弁柄 (''bengara''): A natural colorant derived from hematite, a metallic black-gray or dark red mineral primarily composed of [[ferric oxide|iron oxide]] or from [[Red ocher|red ochre]], an earth pigment containing hematite, clay, and silica. Red ochre can also be made by roasting yellow ochre. While the type of iron oxide red used in ''ukiyo-e'' prints has not been identified, the most likely source is an artificially made iron oxide red. During the Edo period (1603–1868), ''rōha bengara'' (ローハベンガラ) and ''tettan bengara'' (鉄丹ベンガラ) were manufactured. ''Rōha bengara'' was made by roasting [[melanterite]] (rōha or ryokuban 緑礬), an iron sulphate that naturally forms or is artificially produced from an iron sulphide byproduct of copper mining. After the roasting process, it was crushed and levigated to produce fine particles of iron oxide red. Manufactured in Fukiya, it appears to have dominated the market and is known to have been used in porcelain, such as Arita ware and lacquerware. ''Tettan bengara'' was made from burning rusted iron scraps and was considered to be of lesser quality than ''rōha bengara''.
  
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Iron oxide red has been the most commonly found brown whether used alone or in mixtures. When printed, it appears dense and opaque. Iron oxide red has been found on early hand-colored to fully color printed images throughout the Edo period (1603–1868). The color can range from a bright light red to a deep almost maroon brown.
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Iron oxide red has been the most commonly found brown whether used alone or in mixtures. When printed, it appears dense and opaque. Iron oxide red has been found on early hand-colored to full color prints throughout the Edo period. The color can range from a bright light red to a deep almost maroon brown.
  
 
'''For additional information see:''' [[Hematite]], [[Ferric oxide]], [[Red ochre]]
 
'''For additional information see:''' [[Hematite]], [[Ferric oxide]], [[Red ochre]]
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== Examples of Iron oxide red in Ukiyo-e Prints ==
 
== Examples of Iron oxide red in Ukiyo-e Prints ==
  
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{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
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|[[File:11.13344-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Masanobu, Perspective Picture of a Triptych of the Three Evening Poems, by the Authentic Originator of Color Printing and Perspective Prints, 11.13344|Pt 4: Hand colored<br>Okumura
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Masanobu, 11.13344]]
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
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|[[File:11.19316-pt6-detail.png|200px|link=Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Bunchō, Actors Nakamura Matsue I as Umegawa and Ichikawa Komazô II as Yoemon, 11.19316|Pt 6: Printed<br>Ippitsusai Bunchō, 11.19316]]
 
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
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|[[File:11.17946-pt4-detail.png|200px|link=Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946|Pt 4: Printed<br>Keisai Eisen, 11.17946]]
 
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
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|[[File:21.6756-pt2-detail.png|200px|link=Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Hokusai, Fine Wind, Clear Weather, also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji, 21.6756|Pt 2: Printed<br>Katsushika Hokusai, 21.6756]]
 
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
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|[[File:11.36360-pt7-detail.png|200px|link=Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360]]
 
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Kuniyoshi, Takeout Sushi Suggesting Ataka, from the series Women in Benkei-checked Fabrics, 11.36360|Pt 7: Printed<br>Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 11.36360]]
 
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File:Ironoxidered.jpg|Iron oxide red
 
File:Ironoxidered.jpg|Iron oxide red
 
File:Printed bengara-cropped.jpg|Printed iron oxide red
 
File:Printed bengara-cropped.jpg|Printed iron oxide red
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File:NMAH-AHB2017q005548.jpg|Red ochre, <small>by National Museum of American History</small>|link=NMAH-AHB2017q005548.jpg
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File:NMAH-AHB2017q005548.jpg|Red ochre, <small>by National Museum of American History</small>|link=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_1323748
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File:S2pXfCsMudQ-SD.jpg|Future of bengara (video), <small>by Science Channel (JST)</small>|link=https://youtu.be/s2pXfCsMudQ?si=mL-3R4O4ZpGFDRCz&t=42
 
File:20464300.jpg|Ochres (audio), <small>by Harvard Art Museums</small>|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11172
 
File:20464300.jpg|Ochres (audio), <small>by Harvard Art Museums</small>|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11172
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>

Latest revision as of 00:49, 23 May 2024

Naitô Shinjuku, Yotsuya, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Utagawa Hiroshige I

Iron oxide red 弁柄 (bengara): A natural colorant derived from hematite, a metallic black-gray or dark red mineral primarily composed of iron oxide or from red ochre, an earth pigment containing hematite, clay, and silica. Red ochre can also be made by roasting yellow ochre. While the type of iron oxide red used in ukiyo-e prints has not been identified, the most likely source is an artificially made iron oxide red. During the Edo period (1603–1868), rōha bengara (ローハベンガラ) and tettan bengara (鉄丹ベンガラ) were manufactured. Rōha bengara was made by roasting Melanterite (rōha or ryokuban 緑礬), an iron sulphate that naturally forms or is artificially produced from an iron sulphide byproduct of copper mining. After the roasting process, it was crushed and levigated to produce fine particles of iron oxide red. Manufactured in Fukiya, it appears to have dominated the market and is known to have been used in porcelain, such as Arita ware and lacquerware. Tettan bengara was made from burning rusted iron scraps and was considered to be of lesser quality than rōha bengara.

Iron oxide red has been the most commonly found brown whether used alone or in mixtures. When printed, it appears dense and opaque. Iron oxide red has been found on early hand-colored to full color prints throughout the Edo period. The color can range from a bright light red to a deep almost maroon brown.

For additional information see: Hematite, Ferric oxide, Red ochre

Examples of Iron oxide red in Ukiyo-e Prints

11.13344-pt4-detail.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Pt 4: Hand colored
Okumura Masanobu, 11.13344

11.19316-pt6-detail.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Pt 6: Printed
Ippitsusai Bunchō, 11.19316

11.17946-pt4-detail.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Pt 4: Printed
Keisai Eisen, 11.17946

21.6756-pt2-detail.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Pt 2: Printed
Katsushika Hokusai, 21.6756

11.36360-pt7-detail.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Pt 7: Printed
Utagawa Kuniyoshi, 11.36360

Analysis

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is used to detect iron (Fe). When it is found in a red/brown area, it is an indication for the presence of iron oxide red (Fe2O3).

  • XRF spectrum of Iron oxide red

Images of Iron oxide red

  • Hematite

  • Hematite

  • Hematite

  • Ferric oxide

  • Red ocher

  • Iron oxide red

  • Printed iron oxide red

  • Red ochre, by National Museum of American History

  • Future of bengara (video), by Science Channel (JST)

  • Ochres (audio), by Harvard Art Museums

List of Prints

Below is a list of prints where iron oxide red was detected.

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