Difference between revisions of "Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant"

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(Created page with "For ukiyo-e woodblock prints, ''Carthamus tinctorius'' (safflower) was the primary red and pink colorant used consistently for all of the time periods and printing methods....")
 
 
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For ukiyo-e woodblock prints, ''Carthamus tinctorius'' (safflower) was the primary red and pink colorant used consistently for all of the time periods and printing methods.
 
  
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[[Safflower]] - benibana
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[[File:SC169506.jpg|right|300px|link=Kuniyoshi, The Ninth Hour: Noon; Woman Playing with Cat, Fishmonger and Dog, from the series Sundial of Modern Tradesmen, 11.15955|The Ninth Hour... by Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]
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The florets of ''Carthamus tinctorius'' (safflower) produce a wide range of colors from cherry red to pink. Native to northern India and the Near East, this popular dye plant was widely cultivated throughout Asia and Europe by the end of the 13th century. The florets are picked, then dried and crushed into a paste. The paste is washed with water to remove the non-lightfast yellow chromophors including several quinochalcones. The red colorant, primarily carthamin, is then extracted in an alkaline bath. The deepest reds are obtained through several initial washings to remove all of the water-soluble yellows.
 
  
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Red regions containing safflower were usually seen as brightly fluorescent during the preliminary examination of the prints with a hand-held UV light. Thus, it was no surprise that the EEM fluorescence technique provided a unique and definitive pattern for safflower, even when it was visually observed in the print as a faded brown color. In addition to the fluorescence for the red chromophor, the pattern often contained an additional peak for the yellow chromophore that was supposedly removed in the preparation of the red colorant but often needed several washings for complete elimination.  
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<font size="3">'''[[Madder]]'''</font> 茜 (''akane''): A red dye extracted from the roots of any of several species of the genus ''Rubia''. The most commonly used plants include: ''Rubia tinctorum'' L., native to the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, most commonly known as European madder; ''Rubia cordifolia'' L., native to large areas of Africa and Asia, most commonly known as Indian madder; and ''Rubia argyi'', native to East Asia. It is currently unknown which species was used for ''ukiyo-e'' prints.
  
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The presence of this mixture throughout the history of color printing seems to indicate that the tone obtained by mixing dayflower blue and safflower was preferred over other possible mixtures of reds and blues to yield purple (for example indigo and madder).
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Similar to [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]], madder can range from pink to a deep red. Madder and safflower are the most commonly found red before the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860s. Safflower and madder are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower, which was known to be expensive. In some prints from the mid-1800s, [[:Category:Vermilion: Ukiyo-e colorant|vermilion]] was also mixed with madder. The pink color of madder also appears opaque when compared to the ethereal pink of safflower. The opacity of pink madder may indicate that the colorant may have been laked onto a mineral white, such as [[:Category:Calcium carbonate: Ukiyo-e colorant|calcium carbonate]] during its formulation.
  
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Although not traditionally listed as a printing colorant thought to have been used for ''ukiyo-e'' prints, madder has been detected extensively in our analysis. Research of red colorants is ongoing.
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'''For additional information see:''' [[Madder]], [[Madder (Rubia tinctorum) LC]], [[Madder (Indian madder, Rubia cordifolia) LC]], [[Madder (Rubia akane) LC]], Uemura Dye Archive: Japanese madder [[Nihon san no akane (Japanese madder) - right (293 R)|293]], [[Akane (Madder) - top (230 T)|230]], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765369-1 ''Rubia tinctorum'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765218-1 ''Rubia cordifolia'' (Kew)], [https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:765187-1 ''Rubia argyi'' (Kew)]
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<br>
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<br>
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== Examples of Madder in Ukiyo-e Prints ==
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:11.15955-pt6.png|200px|link=Kuniyoshi, The Ninth Hour: Noon; Woman Playing with Cat, Fishmonger and Dog, from the series Sundial of Modern Tradesmen, 11.15955]]
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|-
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|
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Kuniyoshi, The Ninth Hour: Noon; Woman Playing with Cat, Fishmonger and Dog, from the series Sundial of Modern Tradesmen, 11.15955|The Ninth Hour... by Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]
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|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:11.13880-pt2.png|200px|link=Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880]]
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|-
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|
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[[File:11.13880-pt2 EEM 2021.png|200px]]<br>[[Kiyonaga, The Brine Maidens, from the series Current Manners in Eastern Brocade, 11.13880|The Brine Maidens by Torii Kiyonaga]]
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|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:11.19633-pt5.png|200px|link=Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633]]
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|-
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|
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633|Kojima Bingo... by Suzuki Harunobu]]
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|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:11.19089-pt2.png|200px|link=Kiyohiro, The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune, 11.19089]]
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|-
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Kiyohiro, The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune, 11.19089|The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune by Torii Kiyohiro]]
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|}
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:11.14267-pt4.jpg|200px|link=Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267]]
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|-
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267|Courtesan Asajiu... by Kitagawa Utamaro I]]
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|}
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Add Beauties of the Yoshiwara, madder
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== Analysis ==
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Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: [[:Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|safflower]], madder, and [[:Category:Sappanwood: Ukiyo-e colorant|sappanwood]]. Madder fluoresces brightly under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM pattern that helps differentiate it from safflower, which also fluoresces.
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align:left">
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Madder EEM ref.jpg|<center>EEM plot for Madder</center>
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Red EEM plots.jpg|<center>3D EEM plots for Red references</center>
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Red EmEx curves.jpg|<center>Overlay of EEM curves for Red references</center>
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FORS of reds.jpg|<center>Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references</center>
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Madder_emission1.jpg|<center>Overlay of Emission curves for Madder</center>
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Madder_excitation1.jpg|<center>Overlay of Excitation curves for Madder</center>
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Red UVVis images.jpg|<center>Visible light and UVA for Red references</center>
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</gallery>
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==Images of Madder ==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Safflower red lantern 06.809.png|Red lantern (MFA 06.809)
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rubiatintoriaPD1.jpg|''Rubia tinctorum'' L.
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Safflower red 06.809 EEM.png|EEM
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1440px-Rubia_cordifolia_05.jpg|''Rubia cordifolia'', <small>by Vinayaraj</small>
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Safflower red 06.809 FORS.png|FORS
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File:Rubia argyi.jpg|''Rubia argyi''
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Safflower red 06.809 XRF.png|XRF
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madder_root_1.jpg|Madder root
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02 akane_madder.jpg|Madder, ''akane''
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File:Japanese madder-akane.jpg|Madder (''Rubia argyi''), ''akane''
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madder_powder_2.jpg|Madder powder  (''Rubia tinctorum'')
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34732496 madder 4up.jpg|Madder lakes
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04_Madder comp.jpg|Dye mixtures from madder on paper
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10402385.jpg|Madder (audio), <small>by Harvard Art Museums</small>|link=https://harvardartmuseums.org/tour/660/slide/11175
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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==List of Prints ==
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Below is a list of prints where madder was detected.

Latest revision as of 21:25, 12 April 2024

The Ninth Hour... by Utagawa Kuniyoshi

Madder 茜 (akane): A red dye extracted from the roots of any of several species of the genus Rubia. The most commonly used plants include: Rubia tinctorum L., native to the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, most commonly known as European madder; Rubia cordifolia L., native to large areas of Africa and Asia, most commonly known as Indian madder; and Rubia argyi, native to East Asia. It is currently unknown which species was used for ukiyo-e prints.

Similar to safflower, madder can range from pink to a deep red. Madder and safflower are the most commonly found red before the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860s. Safflower and madder are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower, which was known to be expensive. In some prints from the mid-1800s, vermilion was also mixed with madder. The pink color of madder also appears opaque when compared to the ethereal pink of safflower. The opacity of pink madder may indicate that the colorant may have been laked onto a mineral white, such as calcium carbonate during its formulation.

Although not traditionally listed as a printing colorant thought to have been used for ukiyo-e prints, madder has been detected extensively in our analysis. Research of red colorants is ongoing.

For additional information see: Madder, Madder (Rubia tinctorum) LC, Madder (Indian madder, Rubia cordifolia) LC, Madder (Rubia akane) LC, Uemura Dye Archive: Japanese madder 293, 230, Rubia tinctorum (Kew), Rubia cordifolia (Kew), Rubia argyi (Kew)

Examples of Madder in Ukiyo-e Prints

11.15955-pt6.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
The Ninth Hour... by Utagawa Kuniyoshi

11.13880-pt2.png

11.13880-pt2 EEM 2021.png
The Brine Maidens by Torii Kiyonaga

11.19633-pt5.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Kojima Bingo... by Suzuki Harunobu

11.19089-pt2.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
The Attributes of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune by Torii Kiyohiro

11.14267-pt4.jpg

Indigo FORS.JPG
Courtesan Asajiu... by Kitagawa Utamaro I

Add Beauties of the Yoshiwara, madder

Analysis

Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: safflower, madder, and sappanwood. Madder fluoresces brightly under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM pattern that helps differentiate it from safflower, which also fluoresces.


  • EEM plot for Madder
  • 3D EEM plots for Red references
  • Overlay of EEM curves for Red references
  • Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references
  • Overlay of Emission curves for Madder
  • Overlay of Excitation curves for Madder
  • Visible light and UVA for Red references


Images of Madder

  • Rubia tinctorum L.

  • Rubia cordifolia, by Vinayaraj

  • Rubia argyi

  • Madder root

  • Madder, akane

  • Madder (Rubia argyi), akane

  • Madder powder (Rubia tinctorum)

  • Madder lakes

  • Dye mixtures from madder on paper

  • Madder (audio), by Harvard Art Museums

List of Prints

Below is a list of prints where madder was detected.

Pages in category "Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant"

The following 80 pages are in this category, out of 80 total.

B

E

H

K

M

S

T

U

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