Glossary of Ukiyo-e Colorants

Glossary of Colorants

The purpose of the ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock) colorant database is to document the types of colorants that were used in the printing process. In order to do this, we started the research by making reference samples of the known Ukiyo-e colorants by traditional Japanese woodblock printing techniques. This database currently focuses on prints from the MFA’s collection especially from 1710-1850. We hope to continue adding to the database but at this moment covers only the colorants found in the above mentioned time frame so does not yet cover the whole breadth of colorants, especially the synthetic one that were added in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Red

The primary organic red colorants used in the prints are: -Safflower -Madder -Sappanwood

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  Red references shown in visible and ultraviolet light

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  Overlay of emission-excitation curves for red references

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  Emission-excitation 3D plots for red references

Yellow

Orpiment, turmeric and flavonoid yellows (such as pagoda tree, rice plant) are the most commonly used yellow colorants that were easily detected. Gamboge is also likely to have been used but none of the MFA analysis techniques could detect gamboge. Additionally there is literature that points to the potential use of other organic yellows, such as yellowwood, but this has not been found in any of the prints so far.

Of the primary yellows, orpiment (arsenic sulfide) was detected by the X-ray fluorescence analysis. Turmeric and yellowwood both fluoresce very brightly in ultraviolet light and, luckily, give very distinctive EEM spectra (shown below). Some of the other organic yellows, like pagoda tree and rice plant, but fluoresce weakly in ultraviolet light. Chemically, these two compounds are both flavonoids and and only have slight differences in their EEM plots. Thus, the decision was made to call them by their chemical name, flavonoid, to minimize mistakes in identification.

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  3D EEM plots for yellow references

Blue

Until the introduction of Prussian blue, indigo and dayflower were the only blues used. These blues can easily be identified using FORS. (I thought a little comment for each color and what is used to identify it would be nice but maybe it’s unnecessary since this will be explained in the color page) -Indigo -Dayflower -Prussian blue (Underline means link to another page)

Green

Green is created as a mixture or overprinting of a blue and yellow. -Indigo/orpiment -Other combinations (List maybe just the common ones and other could be Others)

Purple

Purple is created as a mixture or overprinting of a blue and red/pink. -Safflower/dayflower -Madder/dayflower -Other combinations

Brown

-hematite -red lead -mixtures --faded purple

White

White is often used in a mixture rather than on its own, allowing for the paper to be the “white” -calcium carbonate -white lead

Black/Gray

Carbon black, sumi, or soot from oil lamps or pine soot mixed with animal glue is used to print the key block as well as any other black area. It can range from a deep black to a blue grey color (pine soot).

Mica

description

Metallic

Description