Softwood

Mechanical softwood

Description

One of two common classifications for trees, hardwood (angiosperm) and softwood (gymnosperm). Softwoods are coniferous trees. With the exception of the larch and cypress trees, softwoods do not shed their needle-like leaves. Examples of softwood trees are: pine, fir, hemlock, spruce, tamarack, cedar, and redwood. Softwood trees are found in temperate and mountainous regions. Most of softwoods are used for general construction, fences, and paper pulp. Softwood trees tend to have less acetic acid (1-2%) than hardwoods (3-5%) (Hatchfield 2002).

Chemical softwood (coniferous)

Synonyms and Related Terms

nanboku (Jap.); bois tendre (Fr.); legno di conifera (It.); evergreen; coniferous

Other Properties

Contain tracheids rather than pores. May contain resin channels.

Paper fiber type: Softwood. Using transmitted light microscopy, softwood fibers are identified by the presence of intertrachied "bordered" pits and species specific features such as ray parenchyma pits, size, width, etc. Appearance with Graff "C" stain: sulfite= warm pink to grey, appearance gets lighter with progressive bleaching, kraft=grey blue to purple, appearance gets lighter with progressive bleaching. Average dimensions of fibers: species dependent (average= 3-3.6mm). Common pulping method: kraft and sulfite. The long fibers of softwood pulp impart strength to paper and are often used in conjunction with Hardwood and Rag pulps. Softwood can be pulped mechanically or chemically.

Additional Information

P.Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002.

Additional Images

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  Softwood bleached sulfite paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Softwood unbleached kraft paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Softwood groundwood paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Softwood bleached alpha paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Example of pitting in softwood fibers stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Red pine paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Sugar paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Larch paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Douglas fir paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

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  Spruce paper pulp stained with Graff "C" stain

Sources Checked for Data in Record

• G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 875

• Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

• Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

• Pam Hatchfield, Pollutants in the Museum Environment, Archetype Press, London, 2002

• Website address 1 Comment: AMOL reCollections Glossary -http://amol.org.au/recollections/7/c/

• Website address 2 Comment: Museum of Japanese Traditional Art Crafts at http://www.nihon-kogeikai.com/ (Jap. term)

• Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997

• Marja-Sisko Ilvessalo-Pfäffli. Fiber Atlas: Identification of Papermaking Fibers (Springer Series in Wood Science). Springer, 1995.

• Walter Rantanen. "Fiber ID Course." Integrated Paper Services. June 2013. Lecture.