Difference between revisions of "Red lead"

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The common name for a heavy, opaque, orange-red pigment composed of [[lead tetroxide]]. Although chemically equivalent to the mineral minium, red lead has been synthetically prepared by roasting lead white (480 C) since before the 5th century BCE. Red lead has been found as a pigment on early objects from Egypt, China, Japan, India, Persia, and Rome. Red lead is no longer used as an artists color because is has poor light stability and poor working properties. Instead, red lead is used to color glass and ceramic glazes. Red lead paint was used as an anticorrosion primer for structural iron and steel until the late 20th century.
 
The common name for a heavy, opaque, orange-red pigment composed of [[lead tetroxide]]. Although chemically equivalent to the mineral minium, red lead has been synthetically prepared by roasting lead white (480 C) since before the 5th century BCE. Red lead has been found as a pigment on early objects from Egypt, China, Japan, India, Persia, and Rome. Red lead is no longer used as an artists color because is has poor light stability and poor working properties. Instead, red lead is used to color glass and ceramic glazes. Red lead paint was used as an anticorrosion primer for structural iron and steel until the late 20th century.
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Red Lead resize.tif~Raman (MFA)|PIG199.jpg~XRD|f199sem.jpg~SEM|f199edsbw.jpg~EDS|red lead.jpg~Chemical structure|Slide16 FC199.PNG~XRF]]]
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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red lead oxide; lead tetroxide; Pigment Red 105; CI 77578; minium (Fr., Lt.); minimium secondarium; plumbus plumbate; Mennige (Deut.); Bleimennige (Deut.); minium de plomb (Fr.); mønje (Dan.);  minio (Esp., Gr.); minio (cerussa usta) (It.); minio di piombo (It.); entan (Jap.); tan (Jap.); loodmenie (Ned.); vermelho de chumbo (Port.); mínio (Port.); orange lead; Paris red; Saturn red; saturnine red; orange mineral; burnt white lead; red oxide of lead; mineral red; false sandarach; sandyx; syricum
 
red lead oxide; lead tetroxide; Pigment Red 105; CI 77578; minium (Fr., Lt.); minimium secondarium; plumbus plumbate; Mennige (Deut.); Bleimennige (Deut.); minium de plomb (Fr.); mønje (Dan.);  minio (Esp., Gr.); minio (cerussa usta) (It.); minio di piombo (It.); entan (Jap.); tan (Jap.); loodmenie (Ned.); vermelho de chumbo (Port.); mínio (Port.); orange lead; Paris red; Saturn red; saturnine red; orange mineral; burnt white lead; red oxide of lead; mineral red; false sandarach; sandyx; syricum
  
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Red Lead resize.tif~Raman (MFA)|PIG199.jpg~XRD|f199sem.jpg~SEM|f199edsbw.jpg~EDS|red lead.jpg~Chemical structure|Slide16 FC199.PNG~XRF]]]
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== Risks ==
−
 
 
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== Other Properties ==
 
  
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Discolors with acids (nitric acid - brown, sulfuric acid and sulfides - black, hydrochloic acid - white).   
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* Toxic by inhalation or ingestion.
 +
* Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers.
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* Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
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* Discolored by exposure to light, hydrogen sulfide and acids.   
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* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC221110050&productDescription=LEAD%28II%2CIV%29+OXIDE+RED+98%25+5G&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]
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==Physical and Chemical Properties==
  
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Fine particles that are a transparent orange red.  Low birefringence.
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* Discolors with acids (nitric acid - brown, sulfuric acid and sulfides - black, hydrochloic acid - white). 
 +
* Fine particles that are a transparent orange red.   
 +
* Low birefringence.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 8.73
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| 8.73 g/ml
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
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| 2.42
 
| 2.42
 
|}
 
|}
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== Hazards and Safety ==
 
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Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers.
 
−
 
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Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
 
−
 
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Discolored by exposure to light, hydrogen sulfide and acids. 
 
−
 
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Mallinckrodt Baker: [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/l3391.htm MSDS]
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
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° E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, 1986.
 
  
 
== Additional Images ==
 
== Additional Images ==
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:25_Red_lead_500X.jpg|Red lead
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File:25_Red_lead_500X.jpg|Red lead at 500x
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File:25_Red_lead_500X_pol.jpg|Red lead
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File:25_Red_lead_500X_pol.jpg|Red lead at 500x Polarized light
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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==Resources and Citations==
  
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== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
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* E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, 1986
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* ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', R.L.Feller, ed., Cambridge University Press, London, Vol. 1, 1986 Comment: E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium"
 
  
 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
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* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
 
* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  
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* Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through The Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/redlead.html  - Crystal system: tetragonal Refractive index: 2.42
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* Pigments Through The Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/redlead.html  - Crystal system: tetragonal Refractive index: 2.42
  
 
* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
 
* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
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* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', ''Japanese Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
 
* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', ''Japanese Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
  
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_lead (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
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* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_lead (Accessed Sept. 14, 2005)
  
 
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
 
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

Revision as of 12:49, 19 September 2022

Red lead

Description

The common name for a heavy, opaque, orange-red pigment composed of Lead tetroxide. Although chemically equivalent to the mineral minium, red lead has been synthetically prepared by roasting lead white (480 C) since before the 5th century BCE. Red lead has been found as a pigment on early objects from Egypt, China, Japan, India, Persia, and Rome. Red lead is no longer used as an artists color because is has poor light stability and poor working properties. Instead, red lead is used to color glass and ceramic glazes. Red lead paint was used as an anticorrosion primer for structural iron and steel until the late 20th century.

Raman (MFA)

Red Lead resize.tif

XRD

PIG199.jpg

SEM

F199sem.jpg

EDS

F199edsbw.jpg

Chemical structure

Red lead.jpg

XRF

Slide16 FC199.PNG


Synonyms and Related Terms

red lead oxide; lead tetroxide; Pigment Red 105; CI 77578; minium (Fr., Lt.); minimium secondarium; plumbus plumbate; Mennige (Deut.); Bleimennige (Deut.); minium de plomb (Fr.); mønje (Dan.); minio (Esp., Gr.); minio (cerussa usta) (It.); minio di piombo (It.); entan (Jap.); tan (Jap.); loodmenie (Ned.); vermelho de chumbo (Port.); mínio (Port.); orange lead; Paris red; Saturn red; saturnine red; orange mineral; burnt white lead; red oxide of lead; mineral red; false sandarach; sandyx; syricum

Risks

  • Toxic by inhalation or ingestion.
  • Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers.
  • Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
  • Discolored by exposure to light, hydrogen sulfide and acids.
  • ThermoFisher: SDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Discolors with acids (nitric acid - brown, sulfuric acid and sulfides - black, hydrochloic acid - white).
  • Fine particles that are a transparent orange red.
  • Low birefringence.
Composition Pb3O4
CAS 1314-41-6
Density 8.73 g/ml
Molecular Weight mol. wt. = 685.60
Refractive Index 2.42

Additional Images

  • Red lead at 500x

  • Red lead at 500x Polarized light

Resources and Citations

  • E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium", Artists Pigments, Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, 1986
  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 657
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
  • Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  • R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
  • Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  • R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Japanese Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

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