Difference between revisions of "Phosphorus"

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== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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A nonmetallic element. Phosphorus has an abundance of 0.12 % in the earth's crust. Discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand as a component in urine, it is now obtained from phosphate containing rocks such as [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=apatite apatite], chlorapatite, fluorapatite, and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=vivianite vivianite]. Phosphorus is also found in [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=bone ash bone ash] (calcium phosphate). Pure phosphorus occurs naturally in three allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red and black.  
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A nonmetallic element. Phosphorus has an abundance of 0.12 % in the earth's crust. Discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand as a component in urine, it is now obtained from phosphate containing rocks such as [[apatite|apatite]], chlorapatite, fluorapatite, and [[vivianite|vivianite]]. Phosphorus is also found in [[bone%20ash|bone ash]] (calcium phosphate). Pure phosphorus occurs naturally in three allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red and black.  
  
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--White phosphorus is a soft, waxy, transparent solid that is soluble in water, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ethyl alcohol ethanol], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=carbon disulfide carbon disulfide]. It exhibits phosphorescence at room temperature.  
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* White phosphorus is a soft, waxy, transparent solid that is soluble in water, [[ethyl%20alcohol|Ethanol]], and [[carbon%20disulfide|carbon disulfide]]. It exhibits phosphorescence at room temperature.
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* Red phosphorus is insoluble in most solvents and catches fire when heated in air. It is used to make [[phosphor%20bronze|Phosphor bronze]], metallic phosphides, safety matches and fertilizers.
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* Black phosphorus is insoluble in most solvents and is the most stable form of phosphorus. It is made by heating white phosphorus and it resembles graphite in texture and properties.
  
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--Red phosphorus is insoluble in most solvents and catches fire when heated in air. It is used to make [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=phosphor bronze phosphor bronze], metallic phosphides, safety matches and fertilizers.
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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--Black phosphorus is insoluble in most solvents and is the most stable form of phosphorus. It is made by heating white phosphorus and it resembles graphite in texture and properties.
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P; P4; Fosfor (Ned.); phosphore (Fr.); Phosphor (Deut.); fosforo (It., Sven.); Fósforo (Port., Esp.); white phosphorus; yellow phosphorus; red phosphorus; black phosphorus
  
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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== Risks ==
  
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P; P4; Fosfor (Ned.); phosphore (Fr.); Phosphor (Deut.); fosforo (It., Sven.); Fsforo (Port., Esp.); white phosphorus; yellow phosphorus; red phosphorus; black phosphorus
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* Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
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* Skin contact causes burns.  
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* Highly flammable. Ignites spontaneously in air or organic materials.
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* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AC215755000&productDescription=PHOSPHORUS+PENTOXIDE%2C+P.+500GR&vendorId=VN00032119&countryCode=US&language=en SDS]
  
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
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|-
 
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! scope="row"| Melting Point
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
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| 44.1 (white)
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| 44.1 C (white)
 
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! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 1.82 (white)
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| 1.82 g/ml (white)
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
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|}
 
|}
  
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== Hazards and Safety ==
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== Resources and Citations ==
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Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation.  Skin contact causes burns.   
 
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Highly flammable.  Ignites spontaneously in air or organic materials. 
 
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[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0628.html International Chemical Safety Card]
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
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Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/P/key.html Website]
 
  
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== Authority ==
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* Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/P/key.html Website]
  
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* G.S.Brady, G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 603
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 603
  
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* Richard S. Lewis, Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
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* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  
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* Robert Fournier, Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
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* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  
 
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
 
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  
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* Random House, Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 7503
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 7503

Latest revision as of 08:53, 22 October 2022

Phosphate rocks

Description

A nonmetallic element. Phosphorus has an abundance of 0.12 % in the earth's crust. Discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand as a component in urine, it is now obtained from phosphate containing rocks such as Apatite, chlorapatite, fluorapatite, and Vivianite. Phosphorus is also found in Bone ash (calcium phosphate). Pure phosphorus occurs naturally in three allotropic forms: white (or yellow), red and black.

  • White phosphorus is a soft, waxy, transparent solid that is soluble in water, Ethanol, and Carbon disulfide. It exhibits phosphorescence at room temperature.
  • Red phosphorus is insoluble in most solvents and catches fire when heated in air. It is used to make Phosphor bronze, metallic phosphides, safety matches and fertilizers.
  • Black phosphorus is insoluble in most solvents and is the most stable form of phosphorus. It is made by heating white phosphorus and it resembles graphite in texture and properties.

Synonyms and Related Terms

P; P4; Fosfor (Ned.); phosphore (Fr.); Phosphor (Deut.); fosforo (It., Sven.); Fósforo (Port., Esp.); white phosphorus; yellow phosphorus; red phosphorus; black phosphorus

Risks

  • Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
  • Skin contact causes burns.
  • Highly flammable. Ignites spontaneously in air or organic materials.
  • ThermoFisher: SDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

Composition P (atomic no. 15)
CAS 7723-14-0
Melting Point 44.1 C (white)
Density 1.82 g/ml (white)
Molecular Weight atomic wt = 30.97376

Resources and Citations

  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 603
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  • Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 7503
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998

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