Difference between revisions of "Asphaltum"

Latest revision as of 11:57, 14 August 2020

Mexican effigy
1993.775

Description

1) An old name for Asphalt generally used prior to the 1800s.

2) In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term asphaltum also referred to a transparent brown, Asphalt-based pigment used in watercolor and [[oil paint|oil paints] for glazes and shadows. The oily material can slow the drying of Linseed oil producing a soft film. With time, asphaltum in dried oil films can result in the movement or disfigurement of the film as well as alligator cracks. Asphaltum was sold commercially as a transparent brown artist pigment under the name bitumen (Gettens and Stout 1966).

Synonyms and Related Terms

2) bitumen; Antwerp brown; asphalt paint; Asphalt (Deut.); asfalto (Port.); asphalte (Fr.); asfalto (Esp.); asfaltos (Gr.); alfalto (It.); bitume (It.); asfalt (Ned.); asfalto (Port.)

FTIR

Risks

Combustible. Softens at slightly elevated temperatures.

Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, turpentine, and most organic solvents. Partially soluble in oils.

Microscopic ID: amorphous, brown particles with conchoidal fracture and/or curved particle boundaries. RI < 1.662. Isotropic in crossed polars.

Additional Images

Asphaltum, PPL, 200x
Asphaltum, XPL, 200x

Resources and Citations

R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" National Gallery Technical Bulletin, 10:58-71, 1986. ° R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966

R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966

Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985

R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982

Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996

Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980

Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

Eastaugh, N. et al. The Pigment Compendium, a Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:1993.775-SC31053.jpg|thumb|]]
+[[File:1993.775-SC31053.jpg|thumb|Mexican effigy<br>1993.775]]
 == Description ==
-) An old name for [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=asphalt asphalt] generally used prior to the 1800s.
+) An old name for [[asphalt|asphalt]] generally used prior to the 1800s.
-) In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term asphaltum also referred to a transparent brown, [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=asphalt asphalt]-based pigment used in [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=watercolor paint watercolor] and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=oil paint oil paints] for glazes and shadows. The oily material can slow the drying of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=linseed oil linseed oil] producing a soft film. With time, asphaltum in dried oil films can result in the movement or disfigurement of the film as well as [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=allligator crack allligator cracks]. Asphaltum was sold commercially as a transparent brown artist pigment under the name bitumen (Gettens and Stout 1966).
+) In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term asphaltum also referred to a transparent brown, [[asphalt|asphalt]]-based pigment used in [[watercolor%20paint|watercolor]] and [[oil%20paint|oil paints] for glazes and shadows. The oily material can slow the drying of [[linseed%20oil|linseed oil]] producing a soft film. With time, asphaltum in dried oil films can result in the movement or disfigurement of the film as well as [[alligator%20crack|alligator cracks]]. Asphaltum was sold commercially as a transparent brown artist pigment under the name bitumen (Gettens and Stout 1966).
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ) bitumen; Antwerp brown; asphalt paint; Asphalt (Deut.); asfalto (Port.); asphalte (Fr.); asfalto (Esp.); asfaltos (Gr.); alfalto (It.); bitume (It.); asfalt (Ned.); asfalto (Port.)
-[[[SliderGallery rightalign|MFA- Asphaltum.jpg~FTIR]]]
+[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Asphaltum, Forbes Raw Materials.TIF~FTIR]]]
-== Other Properties ==
+== Risks ==
+Combustible. Softens at slightly elevated temperatures.
+Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
 Soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons, turpentine, and most organic solvents.  Partially soluble in oils.
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+Microscopic ID: amorphous, brown particles with conchoidal fracture and/or curved particle boundaries. RI < 1.662. Isotropic in crossed polars.
-Combustible. Softens at slightly elevated temperatures.
+== Additional Images ==
+<gallery>
+File:Asphaltum PPL 200x.jpg|Asphaltum, PPL, 200x
+File:Asphaltum XPL 200x.jpg|Asphaltum, XPL, 200x
-Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.
+</gallery>
-== Additional Information ==
-R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'', 10:58-71, 1986.  R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
+== Resources and Citations ==
-== Authority ==
+* R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'', 10:58-71, 1986. ° R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
-* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
+* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
-* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
+* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
-* Susan E. Schur, Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
+* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
-* R.D. Harley, R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
+* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
 * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
-* Thomas B. Brill, Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
+* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
 * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
+* Eastaugh, N. et al. ''The Pigment Compendium, a Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments'', Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.
 [[Category:Materials database]]