Difference between revisions of "Andalusite"

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[[File:pa30201andalusite.jpg|thumb|Andalusite]]
 
[[File:pa30201andalusite.jpg|thumb|Andalusite]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
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An aluminum silicate mineral that was named for the southern Spanish province of Andalucia where it was first reported in 1789. Andalusite is mined in Spain, South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka,and the U.S.(California, Nevada, Maine, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Connecticut). The stone is pleochroic and can exhibit a pink, gray, green, red, or bluish colors. It can occur as either transparent or opaque stones. When it is clear, andalusite is used as a [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=gemstone gemstone]. It has also been used in the manufacture of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=porcelain porcelain] and refractory [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=ceramic ceramics]. One variety of andalusite is chiastolite. Chiastolite contains carbonaceous impurities oriented along the crystalline axes that produce a checkered pattern.
 
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[[File:Andalusit-Kristalle.jpg|thumb|Andalusite]]
 
[[File:Andalusit-Kristalle.jpg|thumb|Andalusite]]
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An aluminum silicate mineral that was named for the southern Spanish province of Andalucia where it was first reported in 1789. Andalusite is mined in Spain, South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka,and the U.S.(California, Nevada, Maine, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Connecticut). The stone is pleochroic and can exhibit a pink, gray, green, red, or bluish colors sometimes appearing to be iridescent. Andalusite occurs as either transparent or opaque stones with the clear stones used as a [[gemstone|gems]]. It has also been used in the manufacture of [[porcelain|porcelain]] and refractory [[ceramic|ceramics]]. One variety of andalusite is chiastolite. Chiastolite contains carbonaceous impurities oriented along the crystalline axes that produce a checkered pattern.
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[[File:Andalusite IR-ATR RRUFF R050626.png|thumb|IR spectrum of Andalusite<br>Image credit: [https://rruff.info/andalusite/display=default/R050626 RRUFF]]]
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[[File:Andalusite Raman RRUFF R050626.png|thumb|Raman spectrum of Andalusite<br>Image credit: [https://rruff.info/andalusite/display=default/R050626 RRUFF]]]
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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chiastolite; aluminum silicate; Andalusit (Deut.); andalousite (Fr., Port.); andaluzyt (Pol.); andalucita (Esp..); andalusiet (Ned.)
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chiastolite; ; viridine (green); kanonaite (greenish-black); aluminum silicate; Andalusit (Deut.); andalousite (Fr., Port.); andaluzyt (Pol.); andalucita (Esp..); andalusiet (Ned.)
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
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== Other Properties ==
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* Orthorhombic crystal system usually found as coarse prisms or in masses   
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* Cleavage = good in one direction
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Orthorhombic crystal system usually found as coarse prisms or in masses. Cleavage is good in two directions (89 and 91 degrees). 
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* Fracture = uneven to subconchoidal
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* Luster= vitreous  
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Fracture =uneven to subconchoidal. Luster= vitreous. Streak = white or colorless.
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* Streak = white or colorless
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* Fluorescence = inert (LW); possible weak to moderate green to yellowish green (SW)
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* Pleochroism = very strong, generally light yellowish green and dark brownish red
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* Dispersion = very strong
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* Double refraction
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
Line 24: Line 28:
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 3.16-3.20
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| 3.16-3.20 g/ml
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
| 1.63; 1.64; 1.64
 
| 1.63; 1.64; 1.64
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|-
 +
! scope="row"| Birefringence
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| 0.007 - 0.013
 
|}
 
|}
  
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== Additional Information ==
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==Resources and Citations==
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* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
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Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Andalusite.shtml Andalusite]
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* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Andalusite.shtml Andalusite]
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== Authority ==
 
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: andalusite  [Accessed December 4, 2001].
 
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: andalusite  [Accessed December 4, 2001].
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* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
 
* Robert Fournier, ''Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery'', Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
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* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
 
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
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* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
 
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
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* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, ''Rocks, Fossils and Gems'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
 
* R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, ''Rocks, Fossils and Gems'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
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* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite Andalusite] (Accessed December 4, 2001 and Dec 2022)
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite
 
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* Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
 
* Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
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* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
−
 
 
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
 
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
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* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  

Latest revision as of 09:50, 21 December 2022

Andalusite

Description

Andalusite

An aluminum silicate mineral that was named for the southern Spanish province of Andalucia where it was first reported in 1789. Andalusite is mined in Spain, South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Sri Lanka,and the U.S.(California, Nevada, Maine, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Connecticut). The stone is pleochroic and can exhibit a pink, gray, green, red, or bluish colors sometimes appearing to be iridescent. Andalusite occurs as either transparent or opaque stones with the clear stones used as a gems. It has also been used in the manufacture of Porcelain and refractory ceramics. One variety of andalusite is chiastolite. Chiastolite contains carbonaceous impurities oriented along the crystalline axes that produce a checkered pattern.

IR spectrum of Andalusite
Image credit: RRUFF
Raman spectrum of Andalusite
Image credit: RRUFF

Synonyms and Related Terms

chiastolite; ; viridine (green); kanonaite (greenish-black); aluminum silicate; Andalusit (Deut.); andalousite (Fr., Port.); andaluzyt (Pol.); andalucita (Esp..); andalusiet (Ned.)

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Orthorhombic crystal system usually found as coarse prisms or in masses
  • Cleavage = good in one direction
  • Fracture = uneven to subconchoidal
  • Luster= vitreous
  • Streak = white or colorless
  • Fluorescence = inert (LW); possible weak to moderate green to yellowish green (SW)
  • Pleochroism = very strong, generally light yellowish green and dark brownish red
  • Dispersion = very strong
  • Double refraction
Composition Al2O3SiO2
Mohs Hardness 6.5 - 7.5
Density 3.16-3.20 g/ml
Refractive Index 1.63; 1.64; 1.64
Birefringence 0.007 - 0.013

Resources and Citations

  • Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
  • Mineralogy Database: Andalusite
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: andalusite [Accessed December 4, 2001].
  • Robert Fournier, Illustrated Dictionary of Practical Pottery, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA, 1992
  • C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
  • Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  • R.F.Symmes, T.T.Harding, Paul Taylor, Rocks, Fossils and Gems, DK Publishing, Inc., New York City, 1997
  • Wikipedia: Andalusite (Accessed December 4, 2001 and Dec 2022)
  • Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998

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