Difference between revisions of "Manila copal"

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[[File:17-29_Manila.Copal_glass.jpg|thumb|Manila copal]]
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[[File:17-29_Manila.Copal_glass.jpg|thumb|Manila copal on glass (Visible light on left, UV light on right)]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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A soft variety of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=copal copal] resin obtained from the ''Agathis dammara'' trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=diterpene diterpenoid] resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=varnish varnishes] and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fixative fixative] recipes.
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A soft variety of [[copal|copal]] resin obtained from the ''Agathis dammara'' trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a [[diterpene|diterpenoid]] resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for [[varnish|varnishes]] and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many [[fixative|fixative]] recipes.
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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''Agathis dammara''; manilla copal (Br.); copal de Manila (Esp.); copale di Manila (It); Manila resin; manilla
 
''Agathis dammara''; manilla copal (Br.); copal de Manila (Esp.); copale di Manila (It); Manila resin; manilla
  
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== Other Properties ==
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== Risks ==
  
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Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol.  Insoluble in water.  Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light.  Saponification number = 178    Acid number = 128.
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* Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.
  
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{| class="wikitable"
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== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
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|-
 
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! scope="row"| Melting Point
 
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| 230-250
 
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|-
 
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! scope="row"| Density
 
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| 1.062
 
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|-
 
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! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
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| 1.544
 
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|}
 
  
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== Hazards and Safety ==
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* Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol.  Insoluble in water. 
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* Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light. 
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* Saponification number = 178   
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* Acid number = 128.
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* Melting Point = 230-250 C
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* Density = 1.062 g/ml
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* Refractive Index = 1.544
  
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Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.
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==Resources and Citations==
  
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== Additional Information ==
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* K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
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K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
 
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== Authority ==
 
  
 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
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* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
 
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Copal." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004.  Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.  14 Apr. 2004 .
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Copal." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.
  
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
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* Website address 1  Comment: "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm
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* "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 08:38, 17 October 2022

Manila copal on glass (Visible light on left, UV light on right)

Description

A soft variety of Copal resin obtained from the Agathis dammara trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a diterpenoid resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for varnishes and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many Fixative recipes.

Synonyms and Related Terms

Agathis dammara; manilla copal (Br.); copal de Manila (Esp.); copale di Manila (It); Manila resin; manilla

Risks

  • Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol. Insoluble in water.
  • Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light.
  • Saponification number = 178
  • Acid number = 128.
  • Melting Point = 230-250 C
  • Density = 1.062 g/ml
  • Refractive Index = 1.544

Resources and Citations

  • K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 227; synonym Boea copal
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm

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