Difference between revisions of "Lead tetroxide"

Latest revision as of 09:30, 7 October 2022

Red lead at 500x transmitted light

Description

Red lead at 500x polarized light

A heavy, bright red powder that occurs naturally as the mineral Minium. The mineral form, however, was rarely used. Instead lead tetroxide was prepared by slowly heating lead monoxide in a furnace with a constant flow of air. Excess heating will turn the pigment to an orange shade that is known as Orange mineral. Lead tetroxide, also called Red lead oxide, was one of the earliest synthetic pigments. It is no longer used as an artists color because is has poor light stability and poor working properties. Instead, red lead is used to color glass, enamels, and ceramic glazes. It is also used as a flux in porcelain painting, an anticorrosive paint for iron and steel, and as a component in lead batteries. Because of its toxicity, the use of red lead is declining.

Synonyms and Related Terms

red lead; Pigment Red 105; CI 77578; mønje (Dan.); minio (Esp.); tetróxido de chumbo (Port.); minium (Fr.); lead oxide red; lead tetraoxide; orange mineral; Saturn red; Paris red; minio; burnt white lead; red oxide of lead; plumbous plumbate; lead orthoplumbate; mineral red

Chemical structure

Risks

Toxic by inhalation or ingestion.
Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers.
Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
Discolored by hydrogen sulfide.
ThermoFisher: SDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in glacial acetic acid, hot HCl, nitric acid with peroxide present. Insoluble in water and ethanol.

Composition	Pb3O4
CAS	1314-41-6
Density	8.32-9.16 g/ml
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 685.6
Refractive Index	2.42

Resources and Citations

E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium", Artists Pigments, Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.

R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density = 8.73 and ref. index = 2.42

Pigments Through The Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/redlead.html - Crystal system: tetragonal Refractive index: 2.42

Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 5449

Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_tetroxide (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)

Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985

Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:25_Red_lead_500X.jpg|thumb|Red lead]]
+[[File:25_Red_lead_500X.jpg|thumb|Red lead at 500x transmitted light]]
 == Description ==
+[[File:25_Red_lead_500X_pol.jpg|thumb|Red lead at 500x polarized light]]
+A heavy, bright red powder that occurs naturally as the mineral [[minium]]. The mineral form, however, was rarely used. Instead lead tetroxide was prepared by slowly heating lead monoxide in a furnace with a constant flow of air. Excess heating will turn the pigment to an orange shade that is known as [[orange mineral]]. Lead tetroxide, also called [[red lead]] oxide, was one of the earliest synthetic pigments. It is no longer used as an artists color because is has poor light stability and poor working properties. Instead, red lead is used to color glass, enamels, and ceramic glazes. It is also used as a flux in porcelain painting, an anticorrosive paint for iron and steel, and as a component in lead batteries. Because of its toxicity, the use of red lead is declining.
-A heavy, bright red powder that occurs naturally as the mineral [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=minium minium]. The mineral form, however, was rarely used. Instead lead tetroxide was prepared by slowly heating lead monoxide in a furnace with a constant flow of air. Excess heating will turn the pigment to an orange shade that is known as [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=orange%20mineral orange mineral]. Lead tetroxide, also called [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=red%20lead red lead] oxide, was one of the earliest synthetic pigments. It is no longer used as an artists color because is has poor light stability and poor working properties. Instead, red lead is used to color glass, enamels, and ceramic glazes. It is also used as a flux in porcelain painting, an anticorrosive paint for iron and steel, and as a component in lead batteries. Because of its toxicity, the use of red lead is declining.
-[[File:25_Red_lead_500X_pol.jpg|thumb|Red lead]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 10: @@
 [[[SliderGallery rightalign|lead tetroxide.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
-== Other Properties ==
+== Risks ==
+* Toxic by inhalation or ingestion.
+* Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers.
+* Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen.
+* Discolored by hydrogen sulfide.
+* ThermoFisher: [https://www.fishersci.com/msds?productName=AC221110050&productD.. SDS]
+==Physical and Chemical Properties==
 Soluble in glacial acetic acid, hot HCl, nitric acid with peroxide present. Insoluble in water and ethanol.
@@ Line 24: / Line 31: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Density
-| 8.32-9.16
+| 8.32-9.16 g/ml
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
@@ Line 33: / Line 40: @@
 |}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+==Resources and Citations==
-Toxic by inhalation or ingestion.  Skin contact may cause irritation or ulcers. Carcinogen, teratogen, suspected mutagen. Discolored by hydrogen sulfide.
-Mallinckrodt Baker: [http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/l3391.htm MSDS]
-== Additional Information ==
-E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
-== Authority ==
+* E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 1, R. Feller (ed.), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1986.
 * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: density = 8.73 and ref. index = 2.42
-* ''Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of their History and Characteristics'', R.L.Feller, ed., Cambridge University Press, London, Vol. 1, 1986  Comment: E. West-Fitzhugh, "Red Lead and Minium"
+* Pigments Through The Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/redlead.html - Crystal system: tetragonal Refractive index: 2.42
-* Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through The Ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/redlead.html - Crystal system: tetragonal Refractive index: 2.42
 * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
@@ Line 55: / Line 52: @@
 * ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 5449
-* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_tetroxide (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
+* Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_tetroxide (Accessed Feb. 2, 2006)
 * Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985