Difference between revisions of "Ivory"

Latest revision as of 13:42, 5 October 2024

Ivory comb, Egyptian
MFA# 13.3509

Description

Long, curved elephant tusks that are rootless, non-enameled incisors. The size and structure of a tusks depends on the animal, its age and its living conditions. Tusks as long as 6-8 feet have been obtained from African elephants. The Indian elephants produce tusks about 4-5 feet long. Ivory is a relatively soft, workable but durable material that is white to pale yellow in color. Elephant tusks are primarily composed of dentin, a hard calcareous material composed of Calcium hydroxyapatite and protein with small amounts of Calcium carbonate, Calcium fluoride, and Magnesium phosphate. A new layer of dentin is added each season. This produces a layered ring structure that can be seen in fresh ivory. Deteriorated ivory tends to flake and peel along these lines. Ivory was widely traded from prehistoric times. It was considered valuable by all cultures and widely used in utilitarian objects, jewelry, sculpture, seals, game-pieces, furniture, marquetry and scientific instruments. Ivory reached its peak periods of use in the 13th and 14th centuries. From 1976 to 1989, more than 100 nations banned ivory imports from the Asian elephant; African elephant ivory was added to the ban in 1989. Mammoth ivory is not banned.

The CITES Identification Guide for Ivory and Ivory Substitutes (2020) is available at: link

For detailed information on ivory's usage history, identification and care, please see the AIC Wiki for:

Ivory (Objects Specialty Group): Ivory

Ivory cup
MFA# 1996.31

Synonyms and Related Terms

elephant tusk; dentine; dentin; ivoire (Fr.); marfil (Esp.); marfim (Port.); Elfenbein (Deut.); ivoor (Ned.)

FTIR (MFA)

Physical and Chemical Properties

Ivory is dense with compact ores
Elephant ivory and mammoth ivory can be differentiated microscopically by their Schreger patterns of intersecting arcs (Espinoza and Mann 1993).
UV autofluorescence ranges from white to purple or blue for elephant ivory and white to yellow for mammoth ivory.
Mohs Hardness = 2-3
Density = 1.70-1.93
Refractive Index = 1.539, 1.541

Additional Images

Ivory figure
Ivory close-up
Sri Lankan casket
MFA# 1993.29

Resources and Citations

J.Wornoff, "Identification of Ivory Covers and Comparison to Ivory Portrait Miniatures" e-conservation magazine No. 16:24-38, 2010 at link
F.Minney, "Ivory" The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.
E.Espinoza, J-J.Mann "The History and Significance of the Schreger Pattern in Proboscidean Ivory Characterization" JAIC, 32:241-248, 1993.
C.Snow, T.Weisser, "The Examination and Treatment of Ivory and Related Materials", IIC Conference, Adhesives and Consolidants, 1984.
Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
J.Thornton,"The Structure of Ivory and Ivory Substitutes", AIC Preprints, Philadelphia, 1981, p.173-181.
Wikipedia: Ivory Accessed Dec 2022
Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: ivory" [Accessed October 18, 2001].
R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
Oppi Untracht, Jewelry Concepts and Technology, Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York City, 1985
Benjamin Burack, Ivory and Its Uses, Charles E. Tuttle and Co., Vermont, 1984
Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980 Comment: density=1.83-1.92; ref. index=1.539, 1.541

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:13.3509-SC28637.jpg|thumb|]]
+[[File:13.3509-SC28637.jpg|thumb|Ivory comb, Egyptian<br>MFA# 13.3509]]
 == Description ==
-Long, curved elephant tusks that are rootless, non-enameled incisors. The size and structure of a tusks depends on the animal, its age and its living conditions. Tusks as long as 6-8 feet have been obtained from African elephants. The Indian elephants produce tusks about 4-5 feet long. Ivory is a relatively soft, workable but durable material that is white to pale yellow in color. Elephant tusks are primarily composed of dentin, a hard calcareous material composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=calcium%20hydroxyapatite calcium hydroxyapatite] and protein with small amounts of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=calcium%20carbonate calcium carbonate], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=calcium%20fluoride calcium fluoride], and [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=magnesium%20phosphate magnesium phosphate]. A new layer of dentin is added each season. This produces a layered ring structure that can be seen in fresh ivory. Deteriorated ivory tends to flake and peel along these lines. Ivory was widely traded from prehistoric times. It was considered valuable by all cultures and widely used in utilitarian objects, jewelry, sculpture, seals, game-pieces, furniture, marquetry and scientific instruments. Ivory reached its peak periods of use in the 13th and 14th centuries. From 1976 to 1989, more than 100 nations banned ivory imports from the Asian elephant; African elephant ivory was added to the ban in 1989. Mammoth ivory is not banned.
+Long, curved elephant tusks that are rootless, non-enameled incisors. The size and structure of a tusks depends on the animal, its age and its living conditions. Tusks as long as 6-8 feet have been obtained from African elephants. The Indian elephants produce tusks about 4-5 feet long. Ivory is a relatively soft, workable but durable material that is white to pale yellow in color. Elephant tusks are primarily composed of dentin, a hard calcareous material composed of [[calcium hydroxyapatite]] and protein with small amounts of [[calcium carbonate]], [[calcium fluoride]], and [[magnesium phosphate]]. A new layer of dentin is added each season. This produces a layered ring structure that can be seen in fresh ivory. Deteriorated ivory tends to flake and peel along these lines. Ivory was widely traded from prehistoric times. It was considered valuable by all cultures and widely used in utilitarian objects, jewelry, sculpture, seals, game-pieces, furniture, marquetry and scientific instruments. Ivory reached its peak periods of use in the 13th and 14th centuries. From 1976 to 1989, more than 100 nations banned ivory imports from the Asian elephant; African elephant ivory was added to the ban in 1989. Mammoth ivory is not banned.
-[[File:1996.31-SC64776.jpg|thumb|]]
+The CITES Identification Guide for Ivory and Ivory Substitutes (2020) is available at: [https://cites.org/sites/default/files/ID_Manuals/R8_IvoryGuide_07162020_low-res.pdf link]
+For detailed information on ivory's usage history, identification and care, please see the AIC Wiki for:
+* Ivory (Objects Specialty Group): [https://www.conservation-wiki.com/wiki/Ivory Ivory]
+[[File:1996.31-SC64776.jpg|thumb|Ivory cup<br>MFA# 1996.31]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 elephant tusk; dentine; dentin; ivoire (Fr.); marfil (Esp.); marfim (Port.); Elfenbein (Deut.); ivoor (Ned.)
+[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Ivory.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-== Other Properties ==
+* Ivory is dense with compact ores
+* Elephant ivory and mammoth ivory can be differentiated microscopically by their Schreger patterns of intersecting arcs (Espinoza and Mann 1993).
-Ivory is dense with compact ores
+* UV autofluorescence ranges from white to purple or blue for elephant ivory and white to yellow for mammoth ivory.
+* Mohs Hardness = 2-3
-Elephant ivory and mammoth ivory can be differentiated microscopically by their Schreger patterns of intersecting arcs (Espinoza and Mann 1993).
+* Density = 1.70-1.93
+* Refractive Index = 1.539, 1.541
-UV autofluorescence ranges from white to purple or blue for elephant ivory and white to yellow for mammoth ivory.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! scope="row"| Mohs Hardness
-| 2-3
-|-
-! scope="row"| Density
-| 1.70-1.93
-|-
-! scope="row"| Refractive Index
-| 1.539, 1.541
-|}
-[[File:1993.29-E10164CR-d1.jpg|thumb|]]
-== Additional Information ==
-° J.Wornoff, "Identification of Ivory Covers and Comparison to Ivory Portrait Miniatures" ''e-conservation magazine'' No. 16:24-38, 2010 at [http://www.e-conservationline.com/content/view/947 link]  ° F.Minney, "Ivory" ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.° E.Espinoza, J-J.Mann "The History and Significance of the Schreger Pattern in Proboscidean Ivory Characterization" ''JAIC'', 32:241-248, 1993. ° C.Snow, T.Weisser, "The Examination and Treatment of Ivory and Related Materials", IIC Conference, Adhesives and Consolidants, 1984. ° J.Thornton,"The Structure of Ivory and Ivory Substitutes", AIC Preprints, Philadelphia, 1981, p.173-181.
 == Additional Images ==
@@ Line 38: / Line 26: @@
 <gallery>
 File:ivory figure.jpg|Ivory figure
-File:ivory closeup.jpg|Ivory
+File:ivory closeup.jpg|Ivory close-up
+File:1993.29-E10164CR-d1.jpg|Sri Lankan casket<br>MFA# 1993.29
 </gallery>
+== Resources and Citations ==
-== Authority ==
+* J.Wornoff, "Identification of Ivory Covers and Comparison to Ivory Portrait Miniatures" ''e-conservation magazine'' No. 16:24-38, 2010 at [http://www.e-conservationline.com/content/view/947 link]
+* F.Minney, "Ivory" ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996.
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: ivory" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed October 18, 2001].
+* E.Espinoza, J-J.Mann "The History and Significance of the Schreger Pattern in Proboscidean Ivory Characterization" ''JAIC'', 32:241-248, 1993.
+* C.Snow, T.Weisser, "The Examination and Treatment of Ivory and Related Materials", IIC Conference, Adhesives and Consolidants, 1984.
+* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
+* J.Thornton,"The Structure of Ivory and Ivory Substitutes", AIC Preprints, Philadelphia, 1981, p.173-181.
+* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory Ivory] Accessed Dec 2022
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: ivory" [Accessed October 18, 2001].
 * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
 * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
 * Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 * Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
 * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
 * Oppi Untracht, ''Jewelry Concepts and Technology'', Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York City, 1985
 * Benjamin Burack, ''Ivory and Its Uses'', Charles E. Tuttle and Co., Vermont, 1984
+* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 * ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', Robert Weast (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, v. 61, 1980  Comment: density=1.83-1.92; ref. index=1.539, 1.541