Difference between revisions of "Chrysocolla"

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[[File:chrysocolladw.jpg|thumb|Chrysocolla]]
 
[[File:chrysocolladw.jpg|thumb|Chrysocolla]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
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A sky blue mineral composed of hydrated copper silicate. Chrysocolla is a secondary copper ore that has also been used as a [[gemstone]] and a blue-green pigment. It has been gathered or mined as a semiprecious stone since 3000 BCE. Chrysocolla is mined in England (Cornwall, Cumberland), Congo, Zaire, Chile, and the U.S. (Pennsylvania, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah). The translucent to opaque stone is sky-blue in its natural state, but appears green when ground into a fine powder. Chrysocolla has been found as a pigment in wall painting at Kizil in Turkistan and in Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian tombs (Gettens and Stout 1966). In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was used as a watercolor pigment called cedar green. Chrysocolla is stable to light but is decomposed by acids, alkalis, and heat.
 
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[[File:pc40818chrysocolla2.jpg|thumb|Chrysocolla]]
 
[[File:pc40818chrysocolla2.jpg|thumb|Chrysocolla]]
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A sky blue mineral composed of hydrated copper silicate. Chrysocolla is a secondary copper ore that has also been used as a [[gemstone]] and a blue-green pigment. It has been gathered or mined as a semiprecious stone since 3000 BCE. Chrysocolla is mined in England (Cornwall, Cumberland), Congo, Zaire, Chile, and the U.S. (Pennsylvania, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah). The translucent to opaque stone is sky-blue in its natural state, but appears green when ground into a fine powder; it can be unevenly colored and resemble turquoise. Chrysocolla has been found as a pigment in wall painting at Kizil in Turkistan and in Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian tombs (Gettens and Stout 1966). In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was used as a watercolor pigment called cedar green. Chrysocolla is stable to light but is decomposed by acids, alkalis, and heat.
  
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
 
cedar green; copper silicate; gold solder; chryzokola (Pol.); crisocola (Port.); Chrysokoll (Deut.); chrysocolle (Fr.); chryssokolla (Gr.); crisocolla (It.); crisocola (Esp., Port.); chrysocolla (Ned.)
 
cedar green; copper silicate; gold solder; chryzokola (Pol.); crisocola (Port.); Chrysokoll (Deut.); chrysocolle (Fr.); chryssokolla (Gr.); crisocolla (It.); crisocola (Esp., Port.); chrysocolla (Ned.)
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Chrysocolla, Gila County AZ.PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Chrysocolla IR-ATR RRUFF R050053.png~IR-ATR (RRUFF)|Chrysocolla Raman RRUFF R050053.png~Raman (RRUFF)|chrysocolla531.jpg~Raman]]]
  
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|chrysocolla531.jpg~Raman]]]
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==Physical and Chemical Properties==
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* Orthorhombic crystal system with massive, nodular or botryoidal crystals
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== Other Properties ==
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* Cleavage = none
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* Fracture = uneven to conchoidal
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Luster = vitreous to dull.  Fracture = uneven to conchoidal. Streak = white or pale blue-green.  Pigment particles are anisotropic with high birefringence, straight extinction and are pleochroic changing from pale green to colorless
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* Luster = vitreous to dull  
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* Streak = white or pale blue-green  
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* Fluorescence = generally inert
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* Pleochroism = from pale green to colorless
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* Pigment particles are anisotropic with high birefringence, and straight extinction
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Mohs Hardness
 
! scope="row"| Mohs Hardness
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| 2 - 4
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| 2.5 - 3.5
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Density
 
! scope="row"| Density
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| 2.0-2.8
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| 2.0-2.8 g/ml
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
| 1.575; 1.598; 1.597
 
| 1.575; 1.598; 1.597
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|-
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! scope="row"| Birefringence
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| 0.023-0.050
 
|}
 
|}
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== Hazards and Safety ==
 
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No significant hazards
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
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° R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.° Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Chrysocolla.shtml Chrysocolla]
 
  
 
== Comparisons ==
 
== Comparisons ==
  
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[[media:download_file_502.pdf|Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments]]
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[[media:download_file_499.pdf|Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments]]
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==Resources and Citations==
  
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== Authority ==
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* Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Chrysocolla.shtml Chrysocolla]
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* Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
 
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
 
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
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* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: density =2.4, ref. index=1.575; 1.598; 1.59
 
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966  Comment: density =2.4, ref. index=1.575; 1.598; 1.59
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* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
 
* R.D. Harley, ''Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835'', Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
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* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
 
* Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
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* Kurt Wehlte, ''The Materials and Techniques of Painting'', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975  Comment: p. 52
 
* Kurt Wehlte, ''The Materials and Techniques of Painting'', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975  Comment: p. 52
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* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
 
* C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
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* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980  Comment: ref.index.1.575; 1.598; 1.597
 
* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980  Comment: ref.index.1.575; 1.598; 1.597
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: Chrysocolla. Retrieved May 25, 2003. (tech info-ref. index = 1.45; 1.55)
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* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: Chrysocolla. Retrieved May 25, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. (tech info-ref. index = 1.45; 1.55)
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* Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysocolla Chrysocolla) (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005 and Dec 2022) hardness=2.5-3.5
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* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com  Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysocolla (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005) hardness=2.5-3.5
 
−
 
 
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 232
 
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971  Comment: p. 232
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* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
 
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
−
 
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
−
 
+
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 10:26, 23 December 2022

Chrysocolla

Description

Chrysocolla

A sky blue mineral composed of hydrated copper silicate. Chrysocolla is a secondary copper ore that has also been used as a Gemstone and a blue-green pigment. It has been gathered or mined as a semiprecious stone since 3000 BCE. Chrysocolla is mined in England (Cornwall, Cumberland), Congo, Zaire, Chile, and the U.S. (Pennsylvania, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah). The translucent to opaque stone is sky-blue in its natural state, but appears green when ground into a fine powder; it can be unevenly colored and resemble turquoise. Chrysocolla has been found as a pigment in wall painting at Kizil in Turkistan and in Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian tombs (Gettens and Stout 1966). In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was used as a watercolor pigment called cedar green. Chrysocolla is stable to light but is decomposed by acids, alkalis, and heat.

Synonyms and Related Terms

cedar green; copper silicate; gold solder; chryzokola (Pol.); crisocola (Port.); Chrysokoll (Deut.); chrysocolle (Fr.); chryssokolla (Gr.); crisocolla (It.); crisocola (Esp., Port.); chrysocolla (Ned.)

FTIR (MFA)

Chrysocolla, Gila County AZ.PNG

IR-ATR (RRUFF)

Chrysocolla IR-ATR RRUFF R050053.png

Raman (RRUFF)

Chrysocolla Raman RRUFF R050053.png

Raman

Chrysocolla531.jpg


Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Orthorhombic crystal system with massive, nodular or botryoidal crystals
  • Cleavage = none
  • Fracture = uneven to conchoidal
  • Luster = vitreous to dull
  • Streak = white or pale blue-green
  • Fluorescence = generally inert
  • Pleochroism = from pale green to colorless
  • Pigment particles are anisotropic with high birefringence, and straight extinction
Composition CuSiO3-nH2O
Mohs Hardness 2.5 - 3.5
Density 2.0-2.8 g/ml
Refractive Index 1.575; 1.598; 1.597
Birefringence 0.023-0.050

Comparisons

Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments

Resources and Citations

  • Mineralogy Database: Chrysocolla
  • Gem Identification Lab Manual, Gemological Institute of America, 2016.
  • Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966 Comment: density =2.4, ref. index=1.575; 1.598; 1.59
  • R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982
  • Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
  • Kurt Wehlte, The Materials and Techniques of Painting, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1975 Comment: p. 52
  • C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
  • Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980 Comment: ref.index.1.575; 1.598; 1.597
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: Chrysocolla. Retrieved May 25, 2003. (tech info-ref. index = 1.45; 1.55)
  • Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysocolla Chrysocolla) (Accessed Sept. 2, 2005 and Dec 2022) hardness=2.5-3.5
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 232
  • Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

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