Difference between revisions of "Bitumen"

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m (Text replace - "== Authority ==" to "== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==")
 
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[[File:1993.775-SC31053.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 1993.775]]
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[[File:SC28609.jpg|thumb|Egyptian leopard in bitumen covered wood<br>MFA# 03.1137]]
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[[File:1993.775-SC31053.jpg|thumb|Human effigy<br>MFA# 1993.775]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
  
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Bitumen (Deut.); bitume (Fr.); bitumen (Esp.); bitume (It.); betume (Port.); asphaltum; tar; pitch; asphaltum; tar; pitch;
 
Bitumen (Deut.); bitume (Fr.); bitumen (Esp.); bitume (It.); betume (Port.); asphaltum; tar; pitch; asphaltum; tar; pitch;
  
== Other Properties ==
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Gilsonite (bitumen) Gettens.PNG~FTIR (MFA)]]]
  
Soluble in carbon disulfide.
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== Risks ==
  
{| class="wikitable"
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* Combustible.
|-
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* Softens at slightly elevated temperatures. 
! scope="row"| Refractive Index
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* Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.
| 1.64 - 1.66
 
|}
 
  
== Hazards and Safety ==
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==Physical and Chemical Properties==
  
Combustible. Softens at slightly elevated temperatures.  
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* Soluble in carbon disulfide.
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* Refractive Index = 1.64 - 1.66
  
Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.
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==Resources and Citations==
  
== Additional Information ==
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* R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'', 10:58-71, 1986.
  
° R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" ''National Gallery Technical Bulletin'', 10:58-71, 1986.
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* Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.
 
 
° Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.
 
 
 
== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
 
  
 
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
 
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
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* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 15:15, 7 May 2022

Egyptian leopard in bitumen covered wood
MFA# 03.1137
Human effigy
MFA# 1993.775

Description

A common name for the organic, or hydrocarbon, portion of Asphalt. Bitumen is a dark brown or black solid to semisolid material. It was used by ancient Egyptians as an adhesive. Bitumen is currently is used in hot-melt adhesives, coating, paints, sealants, roofing and road coating. The name bitumen has been used as a synonym for Asphaltum, Tar, and Pitch and was also used as a commercial product name for a transparent, brown artists pigment made from asphaltum.

Synonyms and Related Terms

Bitumen (Deut.); bitume (Fr.); bitumen (Esp.); bitume (It.); betume (Port.); asphaltum; tar; pitch; asphaltum; tar; pitch;

FTIR (MFA)

Gilsonite (bitumen) Gettens.PNG


Risks

  • Combustible.
  • Softens at slightly elevated temperatures.
  • Ages poorly in dried oil films resulting in movement, disfigurement and/or cracks.

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Soluble in carbon disulfide.
  • Refractive Index = 1.64 - 1.66

Resources and Citations

  • R.White "Brown and Black Organic Glazes, Pigments and Paints" National Gallery Technical Bulletin, 10:58-71, 1986.
  • Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.
  • John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
  • R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966
  • G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 76
  • Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
  • The Dictionary of Art, Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996
  • Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
  • Henry Hodges, Artifacts: An Introduction to Early Materials and Technology, Ronald P. Frye, Kingston, Canada, 1988
  • Thomas C. Jester (ed.), Twentieth-Century Building Materials, McGraw-Hill Companies, Washington DC, 1995
  • Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998