Difference between revisions of "Manila copal"

Latest revision as of 08:38, 17 October 2022

Manila copal on glass (Visible light on left, UV light on right)

Description

A soft variety of Copal resin obtained from the Agathis dammara trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a diterpenoid resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for varnishes and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many Fixative recipes.

Synonyms and Related Terms

Agathis dammara; manilla copal (Br.); copal de Manila (Esp.); copale di Manila (It); Manila resin; manilla

Risks

Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol. Insoluble in water.
Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light.
Saponification number = 178
Acid number = 128.
Melting Point = 230-250 C
Density = 1.062 g/ml
Refractive Index = 1.544

Resources and Citations

K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.

R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966

G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 227; synonym Boea copal

Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993

Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "Copal." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.

Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

"Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:17-29_Manila.Copal_glass.jpg|thumb|Manila copal]]
+[[File:17-29_Manila.Copal_glass.jpg|thumb|Manila copal on glass (Visible light on left, UV light on right)]]
 == Description ==
-A soft variety of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=copal copal] resin obtained from the ''Agathis dammara'' trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=diterpene diterpenoid] resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=varnish varnishes] and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=fixative fixative] recipes.
+A soft variety of [[copal|copal]] resin obtained from the ''Agathis dammara'' trees native to the Philippines and Indonesia. Manila copal is a [[diterpene|diterpenoid]] resin composed primarily of polycommunic acid. Copals were used in the 18th and 19th centuries for [[varnish|varnishes]] and resin/oil media. Manila copals were also used in many [[fixative|fixative]] recipes.
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ''Agathis dammara''; manilla copal (Br.); copal de Manila (Esp.); copale di Manila (It); Manila resin; manilla
-== Other Properties ==
+== Risks ==
-Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol.  Insoluble in water.   Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light.  Saponification number = 178    Acid number = 128.
+* Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.
-{| class="wikitable"
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-|-
-! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 230-250
-|-
-! scope="row"| Density
-| 1.062
-|-
-! scope="row"| Refractive Index
-| 1.544
-|}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+* Soluble in ether, methanol, and ethanol. Partially soluble in amyl alcohol.  Insoluble in water.
+* Most copals fluoresce white in short-wave UV light.
+* Saponification number = 178
+* Acid number = 128.
+* Melting Point = 230-250 C
+* Density = 1.062 g/ml
+* Refractive Index = 1.544
-Combustible, burning with a bright flame, dense smoke and strong smell.
+==Resources and Citations==
-== Additional Information ==
+* K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
-K.van den Berg, J.van der Horst, J.Boon, "Recognition of Copals in Aged Resin/oil Paints and Varnishes" in ICOM Preprints, Lyon, 1999. p.855-861.
-== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
 * R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
@@ Line 42: / Line 34: @@
 * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Copal." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004.  Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.  14 Apr. 2004  .
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "Copal." Accessed 14 Apr. 2004.
-* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
+* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, https://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* Website address 1  Comment: "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm
+* "Copal: An Immature and Controversial Resin" at www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/copal.htm
 [[Category:Materials database]]