Difference between revisions of "Vandyke brown"

Latest revision as of 14:22, 23 June 2022

Vandyke brown

Description

Vandyke Brown, also known as Cassel earth, is a brown, organic Humus, Peat, or Coal that contains iron oxides. It was first used in the 17th century and is still in use. Early sources for Vandyke brown were from the Cologne and Kassel regions of Germany with the regional source providing the pigment name. The brown earth has since been obtained from various localities each of which may differ slightly in color and composition. To add to this confusion some pigments labeled Vandyke brown were bituminous while others were synthetically made from from Carbon black and iron oxide mixtures. When natural Vandyke brown is ignited, the pigment leaves a soft gray residue. It is not soluble in petroleum solvents. The colorant has poor lightfastness and fades on exposure to UV radiation.

FTIR (MFA)

Synonyms and Related Terms

van Dyke Brown; Natural Brown 8; CI 77727; terre de Cologne (Fr.); terre de Cassel (Fr.); brun van Dyck (Fr.); terra di Colonia (It.);terra di Cassel (It.); Van Dyck Braun (Deut.); Kasslerbraun (Deut.); Kasseler Erde (Deut.); Kölnische Erde (Deut.); tierra de Cassel (Esp.); pardo Van Dyck (Esp.); Cassel earth; Cassel's earth; cologne earth; Cassel brown; Kassel earth; ulmin brown; bruno Vandyck; Ruben's brown; coal brown; sap brown dye

Risks

No significant hazards.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Irregular particle shape with little, if any, birefringence
Burns producing a tarry smoke and gray residue.
Soluble in alkalis.
Fades in sunlight.
Density = 1.66
Refractive Index = 1.62-1.69

Resources and Citations

R.Feller, R.Johnston-Feller, "Vandyke Brown", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.

Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book

G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 452

Reed Kay, The Painter's Guide To Studio Methods and Materials, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983

Ralph Mayer, A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)

Tom Rowland, Noel Riley, A-Z Guide to Cleaning, Conserving and Repairing Antiques, Constable and Co., Ltd., London, 1981

Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979

R.D. Harley, Artists' Pigments c. 1600-1835, Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982

Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996

Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989

Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

Website: www.handprint.com

Pigments through the ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/vandyke.html

Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Description ==
-Vandyke Brown, also known as [[Cassel%20brown|Cassel earth]] and [[Cologne%20earth|Cologne earth]], is a brown, organic [[humus|humus]], [[peat|peat]], or [[coal|coal]] that contains iron oxides. It was first used in the 17th century and is still in use. Early sources for Vandyke brown were from the Cologne and Kassel regions of Germany with the regional source providing the pigment name. The brown earth has since been obtained from various localities each of which may differ slightly in color and composition. To add to this confusion some pigments labeled Vandyke brown were bituminous while others were synthetically made from from [[carbon%20black|carbon black]] and [[iron%20oxide%20red|iron oxide]] mixtures. When natural Vandyke brown is ignited, the pigment leaves a soft gray residue. It is not soluble in petroleum solvents. The colorant has poor lightfastness and fades on exposure to [[ultraviolet%20radiation|UV radiation]].
+Vandyke Brown, also known as [[Cassel%20brown|Cassel earth]], is a brown, organic [[humus|humus]], [[peat|peat]], or [[coal|coal]] that contains iron oxides. It was first used in the 17th century and is still in use. Early sources for Vandyke brown were from the Cologne and Kassel regions of Germany with the regional source providing the pigment name. The brown earth has since been obtained from various localities each of which may differ slightly in color and composition. To add to this confusion some pigments labeled Vandyke brown were bituminous while others were synthetically made from from [[carbon%20black|carbon black]] and [[iron%20oxide%20red|iron oxide]] mixtures. When natural Vandyke brown is ignited, the pigment leaves a soft gray residue. It is not soluble in petroleum solvents. The colorant has poor lightfastness and fades on exposure to [[ultraviolet%20radiation|UV radiation]].
 [[[SliderGallery rightalign|Van Dyke Brown, MFA Forbes 15.TIF~FTIR (MFA)]]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
-van Dyke Brown; Natural Brown 8; CI 77727; terre de Cologne (Fr.); terre de Cassel (Fr.); brun van Dyck (Fr.); terra di Colonia (It.);terra di Cassel (It.); Van Dyck Braun (Deut.); Kasslerbraun (Deut.); Kasseler Erde (Deut.); Kölnische Erde (Deut.); tierra de Cassel (Esp.); pardo Van Dyck (Esp.); Cassel's earth; cologne earth; Cassel brown; Kassel earth; ulmin brown; bruno Vandyck; Ruben's brown; coal brown; sap brown dye
+van Dyke Brown; Natural Brown 8; CI 77727; terre de Cologne (Fr.); terre de Cassel (Fr.); brun van Dyck (Fr.); terra di Colonia (It.);terra di Cassel (It.); Van Dyck Braun (Deut.); Kasslerbraun (Deut.); Kasseler Erde (Deut.); Kölnische Erde (Deut.); tierra de Cassel (Esp.); pardo Van Dyck (Esp.); Cassel earth; Cassel's earth; cologne earth; Cassel brown; Kassel earth; ulmin brown; bruno Vandyck; Ruben's brown; coal brown; sap brown dye
-Van Dyke Brown, MFA Forbes 15.TIF
-== Other Properties ==
-Irregular particle shape with little, if any, birefringence
-Burns producing a tarry smoke and gray residue.
-Soluble in alkalis.  Fades in sunlight.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! scope="row"| Density
-| 1.66
-|-
-! scope="row"| Refractive Index
-| 1.62-1.69
-|}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
+== Risks ==
-No significant hazards.
+* No significant hazards.
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-== Additional Information ==
+* Irregular particle shape with little, if any, birefringence
+* Burns producing a tarry smoke and gray residue.
+* Soluble in alkalis.
+* Fades in sunlight.
+* Density = 1.66
+* Refractive Index = 1.62-1.69
-° R.Feller, R.Johnston-Feller, "Vandyke Brown", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997. ° Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.
+== Resources and Citations ==
-== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
+* R.Feller, R.Johnston-Feller, "Vandyke Brown", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
+* Georgiana Languri, Molecular studies of Asphalt, Mummy and Kassel earth pigments, MOLART report 2004, available through Archetype Publications, London.
 * Helmut Schweppe, Schweppe color collection index and information book
@@ Line 59: / Line 46: @@
 * Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* Website address 1  Comment: www.handprint.com
+* Website: www.handprint.com
-* Website address 2  Comment: Pigments through the ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/vandyke.html
+* Pigments through the ages - http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/vandyke.html
 * Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org