Difference between revisions of "Witherite"
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== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | A naturally occurring mineral composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium | + | A naturally occurring mineral composed of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barium%20carbonate barium carbonate]. Witherite was named for william Withering an 18th century English naturalist. It is usually found in hydrothermal veins associated with [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=barite barite]. Witherite is mined in Germany, England (Hexham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham), Scotland, Canada (Ontario) and the U.S. (Illinois, California, Arizona). Witherite is used in case-hardening [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=steel steel] and in refining [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sugar sugar]. It is also used as a pigment in the manufacture of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=paint paints], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=glaze glazes], and synthetic [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=marble marble]. |
== Synonyms and Related Terms == | == Synonyms and Related Terms == | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
== Authority == | == Authority == | ||
| − | * | + | * Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: Vol. 2, page 267. Refractive index: alpha=1.529, beta=1.676, gamma=1.677. Microscopically similar to aragontie |
| − | * | + | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 84 |
| − | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "witherite" | + | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: "witherite" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 4, 2001 |
| − | * | + | * C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 |
* Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherite (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005) | * Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherite (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005) | ||
| − | * | + | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 |
| − | * | + | * Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982 |
[[Category:Materials database]] | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Revision as of 06:22, 24 July 2013
Description
A naturally occurring mineral composed of barium carbonate. Witherite was named for william Withering an 18th century English naturalist. It is usually found in hydrothermal veins associated with barite. Witherite is mined in Germany, England (Hexham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham), Scotland, Canada (Ontario) and the U.S. (Illinois, California, Arizona). Witherite is used in case-hardening steel and in refining sugar. It is also used as a pigment in the manufacture of paints, glazes, and synthetic marble.
Synonyms and Related Terms
barium carbonate; Pigment White 10; CI 77099
Other Properties
Soluble in acids. Insoluble in water.
Orthorhombic crystals, usually short and prismatic. Cleavage is good in one direction.
Fracture = subconchoidal. Luster = veitreous to resinous. Streak = white.
Flat tablets that are colorless under plane-polarized light; high brefringence with complete extinction; interference colors are often seen.
Fluoresces a light blue color in both long- and short-wave UV and is phosphorescent under short-wave UV light
| Mohs Hardness | 3.0 - 3.5 |
|---|---|
| Density | 4.3 |
| Refractive Index | 1.529-1.677 |
Hazards and Safety
Toxic by ingestion. Skin contact may cause irritation.
Additional Information
Mineralogy Database: Witherite
Comparisons
Characteristics of Common White Pigments
Authority
- Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004 Comment: Vol. 2, page 267. Refractive index: alpha=1.529, beta=1.676, gamma=1.677. Microscopically similar to aragontie
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 84
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "witherite" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 4, 2001
- C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, at http://www.wikipedia.com Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witherite (Accessed Sept. 20, 2005)
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982