Difference between revisions of "Silver"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
(username removed) |
(username removed) |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| − | A soft, white, ductile metallic element. Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs rarely as metallic silver (Peru, Norway) but more often as silver-gold alloys ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=electrum electrum]) and silver ore ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galena galena], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cerargyrite cerargyrite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=pyrargyrite pyrargyrite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=argentite argentite]). Today silver is obtained as a byproduct in the refinement of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=gold gold], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead lead], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=copper copper], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc zinc] ores. The largest current producers of silver are Canada, Mexico, the United States, Peru, Russia, and Australia. Silver was smelted from galena as early as 3800 BCE. Another early method for refining gold or silver was called cupellation by which the ore was placed in a small cup then exposed to high heat in air; the base metals oxidized while the precious metals melted and were poured off. As a pure metal, silver is second to gold in malleability and ductility. It can be polished to a highly reflective surface. Since pure silver is too soft for many decorative items it is most often prepared as an alloy - [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sterling | + | A soft, white, ductile metallic element. Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs rarely as metallic silver (Peru, Norway) but more often as silver-gold alloys ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=electrum electrum]) and silver ore ([http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=galena galena], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=cerargyrite cerargyrite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=pyrargyrite pyrargyrite], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=argentite argentite]). Today silver is obtained as a byproduct in the refinement of [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=gold gold], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=lead lead], [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=copper copper], or [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=zinc zinc] ores. The largest current producers of silver are Canada, Mexico, the United States, Peru, Russia, and Australia. Silver was smelted from galena as early as 3800 BCE. Another early method for refining gold or silver was called cupellation by which the ore was placed in a small cup then exposed to high heat in air; the base metals oxidized while the precious metals melted and were poured off. As a pure metal, silver is second to gold in malleability and ductility. It can be polished to a highly reflective surface. Since pure silver is too soft for many decorative items it is most often prepared as an alloy - [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=sterling%20silver sterling silver] (925 parts silver and 75 parts copper). Alloys containing less that 90% silver cannot be stamped as silver. Silver is used for jewelry, coinage, photography, mirrors, electrical contacts, and tableware. |
[[File:63.93-SC33562.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 63.93]] | [[File:63.93-SC33562.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 63.93]] | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
Isometric crystal system. Malleable and ductile. Streak = silver white. Luster = metallic. Tarnish = black, yellow, brown. | Isometric crystal system. Malleable and ductile. Streak = silver white. Luster = metallic. Tarnish = black, yellow, brown. | ||
| − | [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Potassium | + | [http://cameo.mfa.org/materials/fullrecord.asp?name=Potassium%20dichromate Potassium dichromate] may be used for the colorimetric detection of silver in objects. It reacts with silver to form bright red silver chromate crystals. |
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
== Additional Information == | == Additional Information == | ||
| − | O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968. | + | ° O. Untracht, ''Metal Techniques for Craftsmen'', Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968. ° Mineralogy Database: [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Silver.shtml Silver] ° Web Elements: [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ag/key.html Website] |
== Additional Images == | == Additional Images == | ||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
== Authority == | == Authority == | ||
| − | * | + | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 723 |
| − | * | + | * Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993 |
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | * ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976 | ||
| Line 71: | Line 71: | ||
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | * ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998 | ||
| − | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: silver" | + | * ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com Comment: silver" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 11, 2001]. |
| − | * | + | * C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, ''Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals'', Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979 |
| − | * | + | * David C. Scott, ''Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals'', The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991 |
| − | * | + | * Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985 |
| − | * | + | * Michael McCann, ''Artist Beware'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979 |
| − | * | + | * Jack Odgen, ''Jewellery of the Ancient World'', Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982 |
| − | * | + | * A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries'', Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962 |
[[Category:Materials database]] | [[Category:Materials database]] | ||
Revision as of 06:39, 24 July 2013
Description
A soft, white, ductile metallic element. Silver is widely distributed throughout the world. It occurs rarely as metallic silver (Peru, Norway) but more often as silver-gold alloys (electrum) and silver ore (galena, cerargyrite, pyrargyrite, argentite). Today silver is obtained as a byproduct in the refinement of gold, lead, copper, or zinc ores. The largest current producers of silver are Canada, Mexico, the United States, Peru, Russia, and Australia. Silver was smelted from galena as early as 3800 BCE. Another early method for refining gold or silver was called cupellation by which the ore was placed in a small cup then exposed to high heat in air; the base metals oxidized while the precious metals melted and were poured off. As a pure metal, silver is second to gold in malleability and ductility. It can be polished to a highly reflective surface. Since pure silver is too soft for many decorative items it is most often prepared as an alloy - sterling silver (925 parts silver and 75 parts copper). Alloys containing less that 90% silver cannot be stamped as silver. Silver is used for jewelry, coinage, photography, mirrors, electrical contacts, and tableware.
Synonyms and Related Terms
Ag; argentum (Lat.); Zilver (Ned.); argent (Fr.); Silber (Deut.); argento (It.); prata (Port.); plata (Esp.)
Other Properties
Soluble in nitric acid, hot sulfuric acid, alkali cyanide solutions. Insoluble in water, alkalis. Attacked by sulfur compounds.
Isometric crystal system. Malleable and ductile. Streak = silver white. Luster = metallic. Tarnish = black, yellow, brown.
Potassium dichromate may be used for the colorimetric detection of silver in objects. It reacts with silver to form bright red silver chromate crystals.
| Composition | Ag (atomic no. 47) |
|---|---|
| CAS | 7440-22-4 |
| Mohs Hardness | 2.5 - 3.0 |
| Melting Point | 960.5 |
| Density | 10.53 |
| Molecular Weight | atomic wt = 107.868 |
| Boiling Point | 2212 |
Hazards and Safety
Inhalation of vapors is toxic. Noncombustible.
Fisher Scientific: MSDS
Additional Information
° O. Untracht, Metal Techniques for Craftsmen, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, NY, 1968. ° Mineralogy Database: Silver ° Web Elements: Website
Additional Images
Silver ore
Authority
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 Comment: p. 723
- Richard S. Lewis, Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
- Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
- The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 8647
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
- Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: silver" Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed December 11, 2001].
- C.W.Chesterman, K.E.Lowe, Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979
- David C. Scott, Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1991
- Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, Technology and Conservation, Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
- Michael McCann, Artist Beware, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York City, 1979
- Jack Odgen, Jewellery of the Ancient World, Rizzoli International Publications Inc., New York City, 1982
- A.Lucas, J.R.Harris, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 4th edition, 1962