Difference between revisions of "White birch"
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| − | [[File:Image3_802360.jpg|thumb|White Birch | + | [[File:SC301648.jpg|thumb|White birch grove shelter<br>MFA# 2013.5562]] |
| − | + | [[File:Image3_802360.jpg|thumb|White Birch ''(Betula alleghaniensis)'']] | |
| − | ''(Betula alleghaniensis)'']] | ||
== Description == | == Description == | ||
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paper birch (''Betula papyrifera''); white birch (''Betula alba''); silver birch (''Betula pendula''); European white birch (''Betula pubescens''); abedul (Esp.) | paper birch (''Betula papyrifera''); white birch (''Betula alba''); silver birch (''Betula pendula''); European white birch (''Betula pubescens''); abedul (Esp.) | ||
| − | == | + | ==Resources and Citations== |
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| − | = | + | * Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:[http://www.woodanatomy.ch/ Wood anatomy of central European Species]: Common Birch, White Birch,[http://www.woodanatomy.ch/species.php?code=BEAL Betula alba (B. pendula / B. pubescens)] |
* R.J. Adrosko, ''Natural Dyes in the United States'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968 | * R.J. Adrosko, ''Natural Dyes in the United States'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968 | ||
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* Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, ''Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them'', American Book Company, New York City, 1937 | * Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, ''Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them'', American Book Company, New York City, 1937 | ||
| − | * Website | + | * Website : http://www1.umn.edu/ships/scimath/dyes2.htm#History |
| − | * Wikipedia | + | * Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Birch (Accessed Oct. 3, 2005) |
* G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 | * G.S.Brady, ''Materials Handbook'', McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971 | ||
Revision as of 07:29, 27 June 2022
Description
Any of several white-barked birch trees, such as Betula papyrifera and Betula alba, native to northeastern North America or Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, native to Europe. White birch produces a light colored hardwood that is tough, flexible and naturally waterproof. It used for interior trim, millwork and small items such as spools, bobbins, handles and toys. A red dye was produced by native Americans by boiling the bark from the white birch with ashes of cedar bark.
Synonyms and Related Terms
paper birch (Betula papyrifera); white birch (Betula alba); silver birch (Betula pendula); European white birch (Betula pubescens); abedul (Esp.)
Resources and Citations
- Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F.H., Kienast, F., 2004:Wood anatomy of central European Species: Common Birch, White Birch,Betula alba (B. pendula / B. pubescens)
- R.J. Adrosko, Natural Dyes in the United States, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1968
- Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
- Edward Reich, Carlton J. Siegler, Consumer Goods: How to Know and Use Them, American Book Company, New York City, 1937
- Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Birch (Accessed Oct. 3, 2005)
- G.S.Brady, Materials Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971
- Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
- The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998