Difference between revisions of "Natural resin"

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A class of solid materials obtained from excretions from certain trees or shrubs. Sometimes incisions are made in the trees to encourage resin flow. Natural resins are aromatic hydrocarbons that are generally soluble in alcohol or turpentine and insoluble in water. They are clear to translucent thermoplastic resins with a yellow to brown color. Most break with a conchoidal fracture and burn with a sooty flame. Resins are used as varnishes, adhesives, inks and additives in paint media. Common examples are: [[rosin|rosin]], [[amber|amber]], [[copal|copal]], [[dammar|dammar]], [[kauri%20resin|Kauri]], [[balsam|balsam]], [[mastic%20resin|Mastic]], and [[sandarac|sandarac]].
 
A class of solid materials obtained from excretions from certain trees or shrubs. Sometimes incisions are made in the trees to encourage resin flow. Natural resins are aromatic hydrocarbons that are generally soluble in alcohol or turpentine and insoluble in water. They are clear to translucent thermoplastic resins with a yellow to brown color. Most break with a conchoidal fracture and burn with a sooty flame. Resins are used as varnishes, adhesives, inks and additives in paint media. Common examples are: [[rosin|rosin]], [[amber|amber]], [[copal|copal]], [[dammar|dammar]], [[kauri%20resin|Kauri]], [[balsam|balsam]], [[mastic%20resin|Mastic]], and [[sandarac|sandarac]].
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==Properties for Common Natural Resins==
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{| class="wikitable"
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|-
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! Resin
 +
! Source/type
 +
! Melting point  (°C)
 +
! Density
 +
! Ref. Index
 +
! Acid number
 +
! Saponification  number
 +
! Solubility
 +
! Characteristics
 +
! Uses
 +
|-
 +
| amber
 +
| fossil resins
 +
| 250-325
 +
| 1.05-1.1
 +
| 1.54  - 1.55
 +
| 15-35
 +
| 115-225
 +
| Amber is very resistant to acids and alkalis and is not  entirely soluble in any solvent
 +
| yellowish, hard, glassy, fossil resin; Mohs hardness = 2.5-  3.0; Succinites emit succinic acid when heated; fluoresces a strong yellowish  green to bluish white in short-wave UV light
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| carved for jewelry, beads, amulets, and small vessels; used as  an ingredient in paint and oil/amber varnishes are made by dissolving melted  amber in amber oil, turpentine oil, or<br />    a drying oil.
 +
|-
 +
| copal
 +
| diterpenoid resins from Trachylobium species (Africa), Hymenaea  courbaril (South America) and Agathis    australis (New Zealand).
 +
| 180-340
 +
| 1.04-1.13
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| 1.528-<br />    1.545
 +
| 122-128
 +
| 132-178
 +
| After melting, copals are soluble in oil and turpentine. Soft  copals are partially soluble in ethanol,    chloroform, glacial acetic acid.
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| May fluoresce white in short- wave UV
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| varnishes for coaches, linoleum, oilcloth, amber subsitute
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|-
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| dammar
 +
| triterpenoid resin from Dipterocarpaceae trees in southeast  Asia of the genera Shorea, Balanocarpus, or Hopea
 +
| 90<br />    (softens); 100-180<br />    (melts); Tg =39.3
 +
| 1.04-1.12
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| 1.515  -<br />    1.539
 +
| 16-18
 +
| 20-65
 +
| Soluble in turpentine, oil, chloroform and aromatic  hydrocarbons
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| Darkens with age.  Turns  cloudy when moisture is present during preparation
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| picture varnish, printing ink, mounting thin sections, alkyd  baking enamels, paper and textile coatings
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|-
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| elemi
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| from trees of the family Burseraceae
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| 77-121
 +
|
 +
|
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| 17.8-25
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| 25-50
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| Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene.<br />    Insoluble in water, turpentine and mineral  spirits.
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| Soft,sticky, odoriferous resin
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| plasticizing additive in varnishes; lithographic inks, paper  and textile coatings, perfume bases,<br />    waterproofing
 +
|-
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| mastic
 +
| triterpenoid resin from mastic shrub, Pistacia lentiscus, in  southern Europe and northern Africa
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| 95-120;<br />    Tg =34.7
 +
| 1.074
 +
| 1.535-<br />    1.536
 +
| 50-71
 +
| 82-92
 +
| Soluble in oil, turpentine, ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene,  acetone, chloroform
 +
| Darkens and become less soluble with age. May turn cloudy if  moisture is present during preparation.
 +
| picture varnish, additive in oil media; printing ink, chewing  gum
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|-
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| rosin
 +
| oleoresinous exudate from Coniferae trees (longleaf pine (Pinus  palustris), Cuban pine (P. caribaea), loblolly pine (P. taeda), cluster pine  (P. pinaster), or Scotch pine (P. sylvestris))
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| 100-150
 +
| 1.07-1.10
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| 1.525-<br />    1.548
 +
| 150-180
 +
| 150-200
 +
| Soluble in ethanol, acetone, turpentine, acetic acid, carbon  disulfide
 +
| Oxidizes easily and may blacken with age.<br />    Combustible, burning with a yellow, sooty flame.
 +
| paints, varnishes, inks, adhesives, sealing wax, soldering  fluxes, and linoleum.  Also used to  increase sliding friction on musical instrument bows and dance floors
 +
|-
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| sandarac
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| from the alerce tree Callitris quadrivalvis native to Australia  and the sandarac tree Tetraclinis articulata native to northern Africa
 +
| 135-150
 +
| 1.078-<br />    1.088
 +
| 1.545
 +
| 140-155
 +
| 143
 +
| Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, amyl alcohol and hot  alkali.
 +
| Brittle
 +
| spirit and oil varnishes
 +
|-
 +
| shellac
 +
| excreted by the female of the lac insect, Laccifer lacca,  native to India
 +
| 115-120
 +
| 1.035-<br />    1.140
 +
| 1.516
 +
| 48-64
 +
| 185-213
 +
| Fresh shellac is soluble in ethanol, acetone.  Shellac becomes insoluble with age
 +
| Iodine number = 10-18; unbleached shellac will autofluoresce  orange;<br />    moisture can produce a white haze on dried  surface
 +
| furniture polishes, protective coating for plaster molds,  composition products; gramophone records
 +
|}
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
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* May be soluble in alcohols, turpentine, carbon disulfide. Insoluble in water.
 
* May be soluble in alcohols, turpentine, carbon disulfide. Insoluble in water.
  
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== Comparisons ==
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== For easy printing and to daownload ==
  
 
[[media:download_file_106.pdf|Properties of Natural Resins]]
 
[[media:download_file_106.pdf|Properties of Natural Resins]]
  
 
== Resources and Citations  ==
 
== Resources and Citations  ==
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* Wikipedia:
 
* R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.
 
* R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966.
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* Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
 
* Thomas Gregory, ''The Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
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* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
 
* ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
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* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
 
* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
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* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
 
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
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* John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
 
* John S. Mills, Raymond White, ''The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects'', Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
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* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
  

Revision as of 17:20, 17 October 2024

Description

A class of solid materials obtained from excretions from certain trees or shrubs. Sometimes incisions are made in the trees to encourage resin flow. Natural resins are aromatic hydrocarbons that are generally soluble in alcohol or turpentine and insoluble in water. They are clear to translucent thermoplastic resins with a yellow to brown color. Most break with a conchoidal fracture and burn with a sooty flame. Resins are used as varnishes, adhesives, inks and additives in paint media. Common examples are: Rosin, Amber, Copal, Dammar, Kauri, Balsam, Mastic, and Sandarac.

Properties for Common Natural Resins

Resin Source/type Melting point (°C) Density Ref. Index Acid number Saponification number Solubility Characteristics Uses
amber fossil resins 250-325 1.05-1.1 1.54 - 1.55 15-35 115-225 Amber is very resistant to acids and alkalis and is not entirely soluble in any solvent yellowish, hard, glassy, fossil resin; Mohs hardness = 2.5- 3.0; Succinites emit succinic acid when heated; fluoresces a strong yellowish green to bluish white in short-wave UV light carved for jewelry, beads, amulets, and small vessels; used as an ingredient in paint and oil/amber varnishes are made by dissolving melted amber in amber oil, turpentine oil, or
a drying oil.
copal diterpenoid resins from Trachylobium species (Africa), Hymenaea courbaril (South America) and Agathis australis (New Zealand). 180-340 1.04-1.13 1.528-
1.545 		122-128 132-178 After melting, copals are soluble in oil and turpentine. Soft copals are partially soluble in ethanol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. May fluoresce white in short- wave UV varnishes for coaches, linoleum, oilcloth, amber subsitute
dammar triterpenoid resin from Dipterocarpaceae trees in southeast Asia of the genera Shorea, Balanocarpus, or Hopea 90
(softens); 100-180
(melts); Tg =39.3 		1.04-1.12 1.515 -
1.539 		16-18 20-65 Soluble in turpentine, oil, chloroform and aromatic hydrocarbons Darkens with age. Turns cloudy when moisture is present during preparation picture varnish, printing ink, mounting thin sections, alkyd baking enamels, paper and textile coatings
elemi from trees of the family Burseraceae 77-121 17.8-25 25-50 Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, benzene.
Insoluble in water, turpentine and mineral spirits. 		Soft,sticky, odoriferous resin plasticizing additive in varnishes; lithographic inks, paper and textile coatings, perfume bases,
waterproofing
mastic triterpenoid resin from mastic shrub, Pistacia lentiscus, in southern Europe and northern Africa 95-120;
Tg =34.7 		1.074 1.535-
1.536 		50-71 82-92 Soluble in oil, turpentine, ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, acetone, chloroform Darkens and become less soluble with age. May turn cloudy if moisture is present during preparation. picture varnish, additive in oil media; printing ink, chewing gum
rosin oleoresinous exudate from Coniferae trees (longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), Cuban pine (P. caribaea), loblolly pine (P. taeda), cluster pine (P. pinaster), or Scotch pine (P. sylvestris)) 100-150 1.07-1.10 1.525-
1.548 		150-180 150-200 Soluble in ethanol, acetone, turpentine, acetic acid, carbon disulfide Oxidizes easily and may blacken with age.
Combustible, burning with a yellow, sooty flame. 		paints, varnishes, inks, adhesives, sealing wax, soldering fluxes, and linoleum. Also used to increase sliding friction on musical instrument bows and dance floors
sandarac from the alerce tree Callitris quadrivalvis native to Australia and the sandarac tree Tetraclinis articulata native to northern Africa 135-150 1.078-
1.088 		1.545 140-155 143 Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, amyl alcohol and hot alkali. Brittle spirit and oil varnishes
shellac excreted by the female of the lac insect, Laccifer lacca, native to India 115-120 1.035-
1.140 		1.516 48-64 185-213 Fresh shellac is soluble in ethanol, acetone. Shellac becomes insoluble with age Iodine number = 10-18; unbleached shellac will autofluoresce orange;
moisture can produce a white haze on dried surface 		furniture polishes, protective coating for plaster molds, composition products; gramophone records

Synonyms and Related Terms

resina natural (Esp.); résine naturelle (Fr.); resina naturale (It)

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Optically darken with age
  • Many autofluoresce when aged.
  • May be soluble in alcohols, turpentine, carbon disulfide. Insoluble in water.

For easy printing and to daownload

Properties of Natural Resins

Resources and Citations

  • Wikipedia:
  • R. J. Gettens and G.L. Stout, Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia, Dover Publications, New York, 1966.
  • Thomas Gregory, The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Reinhold Publishing, New York, 3rd ed., 1942
  • ASTM, "Standard Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 6, Paints, Related Coatings and Aromatics, ASTM, D16, 7-Jan, Jul-96
  • Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
  • Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
  • John S. Mills, Raymond White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects, Butterworth Heineman, London, 2nd ed., 1994
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998

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