Difference between revisions of "Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant"
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| − | [[ | + | [[File:SC155045.jpg|right|250px|link=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/207552/kamakura-village-from-an-untitled-series-of-westernstyle-l?ctx=1be86594-d25a-458d-827f-8e5dc3048977&idx=0|Kamakura Village by Katsushika Hokusai]] |
| − | + | <font size="3">'''[[Safflower]]'''</font> 紅花(''benibana''): An organic red colorant obtained from the florets of ''Carthamus tinctorius'', it produces a wide range of colors from red to pink. The florets are picked, then dried and crushed into a paste. The paste is washed with water to remove the non-lightfast yellow chromophors including several quinochalcones. The red colorant, primarily carthamin, is then extracted in an alkaline bath. The deepest reds are obtained through several initial washings to remove all of the water-soluble yellows. Safflower was grown throughout Edo Japan for use as cosmetics as well as food dyes. Yamagata was known as a producer of high quality benibana and still produces it today. | |
| − | + | Safflower is also the most commonly used red with dayflower to produce purple. This combination of safflower and dayflower is continually detected even after the introduction of synthetic colorants such as Prussian blue and aniline dyes, which seems to indicate that the tone obtained by the two was preferred over other possible mixtures of reds and blues. | |
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| + | '''For more information see:''' [[Safflower]] | ||
| + | <br> | ||
== Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints == | == Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints == | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | {|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| − | |[[File: | + | |[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]] |
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| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]] |
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| − | |[[File: | + | |[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]] |
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| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]] |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| − | |[[File: | + | |[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]] |
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| − | [[File: | + | [[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]] |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
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== Analysis == | == Analysis == | ||
| − | Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the | + | Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: safflower, [[:Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant|madder]], and [[:Category:Sappanwood: Ukiyo-e colorant|sappanwood]]. Red regions containing safflower were usually seen as brightly fluorescent during the preliminary examination of the prints with a hand-held UV light. Thus, it was no surprise that the EEM fluorescence technique provided a unique and definitive pattern for safflower, even when it was visually observed in the print as a faded brown color. In addition to the fluorescence for the red chromophor, the pattern often contained an additional peak for the yellow chromophore that was supposedly removed in the preparation of the red colorant but often needed several washings for complete elimination. |
| − | <gallery> | + | |
| − | Red | + | <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left"> |
| − | Red EmEx curves.jpg|Overlay of | + | Safflower color.PNG|<center>3D EEM plot for Safflower</center> |
| − | Red | + | Red EEM plots.jpg|<center>3D EEM plots for Red references</center> |
| − | FORS of reds.jpg|Overlay of FORS spectra for | + | Red EmEx curves.jpg|<center>Overlay of EEM curves for Red references</center> |
| + | FORS of reds.jpg|<center>Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references</center> | ||
| + | Red UVVis images.jpg|<center>Visible light and UVA for Red references</center> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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==Other Images of Safflower == | ==Other Images of Safflower == | ||
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safflower_raw_1.jpg|thumb|Safflower petals | safflower_raw_1.jpg|thumb|Safflower petals | ||
File:beni_safflower.jpg|Safflower printed on paper | File:beni_safflower.jpg|Safflower printed on paper | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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| + | ==List of Prints == | ||
| + | List of prints where indigo was detected | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Ukiyo-e Print Colorants]] | ||
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| + | == Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints == | ||
| + | |||
| + | {|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| + | |[[File:Safflower red lantern 06.809.png|200px|Red lantern (MFA 06.809)]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:Safflower red 06.809 EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[EEM of red lantern in MFA 06.809]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| + | |[[File:Safflower pink 06.795.png|200px|Pink tree (MFA 06.795)]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:Safflower pink 06.795 EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[EEM of pink tree in MFA 06.795]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| + | |[[File:Safflower light pink cloud 11.17586.png|200px]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:Safflower light pink 11.17586 EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[EEM of pink cloud (MFA 11.17586)]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| + | |[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%" | ||
| + | |[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | [[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]] | ||
| + | |} | ||
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| + | |||
| + | |||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Revision as of 16:49, 18 May 2020
Safflower 紅花(benibana): An organic red colorant obtained from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius, it produces a wide range of colors from red to pink. The florets are picked, then dried and crushed into a paste. The paste is washed with water to remove the non-lightfast yellow chromophors including several quinochalcones. The red colorant, primarily carthamin, is then extracted in an alkaline bath. The deepest reds are obtained through several initial washings to remove all of the water-soluble yellows. Safflower was grown throughout Edo Japan for use as cosmetics as well as food dyes. Yamagata was known as a producer of high quality benibana and still produces it today.
Safflower is also the most commonly used red with dayflower to produce purple. This combination of safflower and dayflower is continually detected even after the introduction of synthetic colorants such as Prussian blue and aniline dyes, which seems to indicate that the tone obtained by the two was preferred over other possible mixtures of reds and blues.
For more information see: Safflower
Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints
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Analysis
Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: safflower, madder, and sappanwood. Red regions containing safflower were usually seen as brightly fluorescent during the preliminary examination of the prints with a hand-held UV light. Thus, it was no surprise that the EEM fluorescence technique provided a unique and definitive pattern for safflower, even when it was visually observed in the print as a faded brown color. In addition to the fluorescence for the red chromophor, the pattern often contained an additional peak for the yellow chromophore that was supposedly removed in the preparation of the red colorant but often needed several washings for complete elimination.
3D EEM plot for Safflower 
3D EEM plots for Red references 
Overlay of EEM curves for Red references 
Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references 
Visible light and UVA for Red references
Other Images of Safflower
Safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius)
Safflower petals
Safflower printed on paper
List of Prints
List of prints where indigo was detected
Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints
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Orange house (MFA 21.9230) with safflower and turmeric
EEM
XRF
Brown kimono (MFA 11.17643) with both safflower and dayflower
EEM
XRF
Brown kimono (MFA 11.17586) with both safflower and dayflower
EEM
FORS
XRF
Purple kimono (MFA 06.7956) with both safflower and dayflower
EEM
FORS
XRF
safflower, dayflower
EEM of purple
FORS of purple
Pages in category "Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant"
The following 55 pages are in this category, out of 55 total.
E
- Eisen, Early Winter: The Day of the Boar in the Tenth Month, from the series Customs of the Four Seasons and Children at Play, 11.25587
- Eisen, Fujieda: Kichô of the Owariya, from the series A Tôkaidô Board Game of Courtesans: Fifty-three Pairings in the Yoshiwara, 11.17946
- Eisen, Seijûrô and Onatsu; Banners of Bishamonten; from the series Amusements on the Festival Day, 11.17904
- Eisen, The Song Evening Mist at Asama Peak, on Scrap-paper Fabric with an Itchû-bushi Libretto, from the series A Modern Pine Needle Collection, 11.17878
- Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 21.4917
- Eishi, Shizuka of the Shizutamaya, from the series Beauties of the Yoshiwara as Six Floral Immortals, 53.21
- Eizan, Kashiku of the Tsuruya, from the series Array of Beauties of the Pleasure Quarters, 11.17716
H
- Harunobu, A Young Woman in a Summer Shower, 11.19430
- Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Combing hair (2006.1537.1)
- Harunobu, Courtesan and Kamuro Looking at the Face of a Komusô Reflected in a Mirror, 45.833
- Harunobu, Courtesan Reading a Letter by Moonlight Reflected on Snow; Parody of Son Kang, 11.19438
- Harunobu, Courtesan Riding a Carp and Reading a Letter; Parody of the Immortal Qin Gao, 06.969
- Harunobu, Kojima Bingo no Saburô Takanori, 11.19633
- Harunobu, Nishikigi of the Kanaya Lighting Incense beside a Mosquito Net, 11.16479
- Harunobu, Parody of Saigyô Hôshi: Courtesan Looking at a Screen Painting of Mount Fuji, 11.19431
- Harunobu, Poem by Saigyô Hôshi, from an untitled series of Three Evening Poems, 34.348
- Harunobu, The Sake Cup, sheet 4 of the series Marriage in Brocade Prints, the Carriage of the Virtuous Woman, known as the Marriage series, 11.19475
K
- Kiyohiro, Two Children Playing with Hobbyhorses, 11.19047
- Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297
- Kiyomasu II, Actors Segawa Kikunojô I as Ochiyo; Matsushima Kichisaburô as Ochiyo's Spirit Projection, the Courtesan Tekkai Sennin; and Ichikawa Ebizô II as Mushanosuke of Ôsaka, 21.5452
- Kiyomitsu I, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II as Itsuki, 11.19020
- Kiyomitsu I, Actor Segawa Kikunojô II as Seryômura Okiku, 11.18992
- Kiyomitsu I, Actors Segawa Kikunojô II as the Courtesan Katsuragi and Ichimura Uzaemon IX as Nagoya Sanza, 45.832
- Kiyomitsu I, Actors Ôtani Hiroji III as Okabe no Rokuyata and Nakamura Sukegorô II as Inomata no Koheiroku, 46.1409
- Kiyomitsu I, Yoritomo's Hunt at the Foot of Mount Fuji, 11.19694
- Kiyonaga, A Matchmaking Meeting at a Teahouse by a Shrine, 21.5574
- Kiyonaga, Actors Matsumoto Kôshirô IV as Ukita Sakingo and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as the Ghost of Takao, with chanters Tomimoto Itsukidayû and Tomimoto Awatayû, and accompanist Sasaki Ichishirô, 11.13921
- Kiyonaga, Actors Matsumoto Kôshirô IV as Ukita Sakingo and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as the Ghost of Takao, with chanters Tomimoto Itsukidayû and Tomimoto Awatayû, and accompanist Sasaki Ichishirô, 21.5476
- Kiyonaga, Child Prodigy Minamoto no Shigeyuki Executing Calligraphy, 11.13883
- Kiyonaga, Women Visiting Enoshima, 11.21277
- Koryusai, Descending Geese at Mimeguri, from the series Fashionable Eight Views of Edo, 11.14627
- Kunisada, Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II, from the series Actor Rebuses, 11.42324
- Kuniyoshi, (Actor Ichikawa Ebizô V as) Inuyama Dôsetsu, from the series The Lives of Eight Brave and Loyal Dog Heroes, 11.28841
- Kuniyoshi, Hosokute: Horikoshi Dairyô, from the series Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidô Road, 11.28766
M
S
- Kiyonobu I, Actor Ôtani Hiroji I as the Candy-seller Kokusen-ya, 11.13165
- Kiyotada I, Actors Sanjô Kantarô II and Ichimura Takenojô IV, 11.13273
- Sharaku, Actors Ichikawa Komazô III as Kameya Chûbei and Nakayama Tomisaburô I as Umegawa, 21.7236
- Shigenobu I, Urashima Tarô, from the series A Set of Five Examples of Longevity, 21.9254
- Shinsai, Chapters 22–24, from the series The Tale of Genji, 11.20034
- Shunkō, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971
- Shunkō, Actors Nakamura Nakazô I and Ôtani Hiroji III, 11.2014
- Shunman, Mandarin Ducks and Iris, from the series Series of Seven Bird-and-Flower Prints for the Fuyô Circle of Kanuma in Shimotsuke Province, 21.9226
- Shunshō, Actor Segawa Kikunojô III as Shirokiya Okoma, from the series Fans of the East, 11.14871
T
- TEST-Utamaro I, Women Overnight Guests, a Triptych, 21.6328-30
- TEST-Utamaro I, Women Overnight Guests, left panel of triptych, 21.6328
- Toyokuni, Actor Arashi Kitsusaburô I as the Monkey Trainer Yojirô, in the Horikawa Scene of the Play Oshun and Denbei, 11.30331
- Toyonobu, Rain in the Fifth Month, 11.19048
- Toyonobu, Young Couple Burning Maple Leaves to Heat Sake, 11.19676
U
- Utamaro I, A Yoshiwara Triptych, 11.14191
- Utamaro I, Courtesan Asajiu of the Daimonjiya and Nanatsu-ume Sake by Momenya, from the series Aristocrats of Sake Compared to Courtesans of Six Selected Houses, 11.14267
- Utamaro I, The Geisha Ogie Matsuzô, Mine, and Ito, 11.14373
- Utamaro I, The Heron Maiden from series An Array of Dancing Girls of the Present Day, 11.14364