Difference between pages "Arsenic disulfide" and "Category:Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant"

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== Description ==
 
  
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A bright orange-red powder that occurs naturally as the mineral [[realgar|realgar]]. Realgar is often found with lead and silver ores along with [[orpiment|orpiment]] (arsenic trisulfide). It was once widely used as a pigment because of its bright rich color, but perhaps less so than its mineral congener, orpiment.  Early occurrences are known for works of art from China, India, Central Asia, and Egypt.  In European painting, apart from fairly regular use in Venice in the 16th-century, the pigment occurs occasionally until about the middle of the 18th-century.  It is a usual choice for the bright orange flowers depicted in Dutch 17th-century paintings, and enjoyed moderately regular use in British 17th- century and 18th-century painting, including as a pastel color. However, it is extremely toxic, which has had an effect on its range of application and availability. Realgar is not particularly stable and can undergo a transformation to a polymorph, [[pararealgar|pararealgar]], AsS; it can also deteriorate badly in oil paint films, resulting in rupturing, cracking and chalking, the pigment itself can fade under the action of light. Arsenic disulfide was also used to dehair and tan leathers, to kill rodents, and to print calico textiles. It is still used in fireworks to produce a bright blue fire and intense white light.
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[[File:SC323786.jpg|right|200px|link=Kunisada, Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II, from the series Actor Rebuses, 11.42324|Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II by Utagawa Kunisada]]
  
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== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
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<font size="3">'''[[Safflower]]'''</font> 紅花(''benibana''): An organic red obtained from the florets of ''Carthamus tinctorius'', it produces a wide range of tones from pale pink to red. The florets are picked, washed, massaged, and fermented to create safflower cakes (紅餅 ''beni mochi'') from which the red dye can be extracted later. Dried florets can also be used to extract the dye directly. The florets are first washed with water to remove non-lightfast yellow chromophors including several quinochalcones. The red colorant, primarily carthamin, is then extracted in an alkaline solution. Safflower was grown throughout Japan during the Edo period for use as a cosmetic and food dye. The area of Yamagata was known as a producer of high quality benibana and still produces it today.
  
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arsenic sulfide (legal name); Pigment Yellow 39; CI 77085; realgar (mineral); arsenic sulphide (Br.); realgar (Esp., It. Port.); disulfure d'arsenic (Fr.); solfuro d'arsenico (It.); red arsenic sulfide; red arsenic; ruby arsenic glass; arsenic monosulfide; red orpiment; burnt orpiment; ruby sulfur; roseaker; sandaraca
+
Safflower can appear as a pale pink, such as the delicate pink used to depict  subtle eye shadow or blush effects as well as deeper reds. Safflower was noted to be an expensive colorant and often required multiple printings to achieve darker colors. Safflower and [[:Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant|madder]] are the most commonly found reds before the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860's. Red safflower and madder  are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower. Safflower is most commonly mixed with [[:Category:Dayflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|dayflower]] to produce [[:Category:Dayflower/Safflower: Ukiyo-e colorant|purple]]. The safflower and dayflower combination is continuously detected even after the introduction of synthetic colorants such as [[:Category:Prussian Blue: Ukiyo-e colorant|Prussian blue]] and aniline dyes, which seems to indicate that the tone obtained by the two was preferred over other possible mixtures of reds and blues.
  
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|f212sem.jpg~SEM|f212edsbw.jpg~EDS]]]
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'''For more information see:''' [[Safflower]], [[Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) LC]]
 +
<br>
  
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== Other Properties ==
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== Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints ==
  
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Soluble in acids and alkalis. Insoluble in water.
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{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
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|[[File:11.13297-pt5.png|200px|link=Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297]]
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Monoclinic crystals, irregular; isotropic; pleochroic with high birefringence and straight extinction.
 
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{| class="wikitable"
 
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| Composition
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|
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| As2S2
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[[File:11.13297-pt5eem.png|200px]]<br>[[Kiyomasu II, Actor Ogino Izaburô I as Yamagami Gennai, Acting in the Aragoto Style with the Sumikazura Wig, 11.13297|Actor Ogino Izaburo I... by Torii Kiyomasu]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:11.19048-pt1.png|200px|link=Toyonobu, Rain in the Fifth Month, 11.19048]]
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| CAS
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|
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| 56320-22-0
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[[File:11.19048 Safflower-EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[Toyonobu, Rain in the Fifth Month, 11.19048|Rain in the Fifth Month by Ishikawa Toyonobu]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:11.16479-pt1.png|200px|link=Harunobu, Nishikigi of the Kanaya Lighting Incense beside a Mosquito Net, 11.16479]]
 
|-
 
|-
−
! scope="row"| Mohs Hardness
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|
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| 1.5
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Nishikigi of the Kanaya Lighting Incense beside a Mosquito Net, 11.16479|Nishikigi of the Kanaya... by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:11.14971-pt4.png|200px|link=Shunko, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971]]
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| Melting Point
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|
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| 307-320
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Shunko, Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V as Fukurokuju, Iwai Hanshirô IV as Ryûyô Dôji, and Sawamura Sôjûrô III as Shin'yô Dôji, 11.14971|Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V... by Katsukawa Shunko]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:11.42324-pt5.png|200px|link=Kunisada, Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II, from the series Actor Rebuses, 11.42324]]
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| Density
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|
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| 3.56-3.59
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[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Kunisada, Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II, from the series Actor Rebuses, 11.42324|Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II... by Torii Kunisada]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:11.17904-pt4.png|200px|link=Eisen, Seijûrô and Onatsu; Banners of Bishamonten; from the series Amusements on the Festival Day, 11.17904]]
 
|-
 
|-
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! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
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|
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| mol. wt. = 427.95
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[[File:11.17904-pt5EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[Eisen, Seijûrô and Onatsu; Banners of Bishamonten; from the series Amusements on the Festival Day, 11.17904|Seijûrô and Onatsu... by Keisai Eisen]]
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|-
 
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! scope="row"| Refractive Index
 
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| 2.538, 2.684, 2.704
 
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|-
 
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! scope="row"| Boiling Point
 
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| 565
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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== Hazards and Safety ==
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== Analysis ==
 +
Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: safflower, [[:Category:Madder: Ukiyo-e colorant|madder]], and [[:Category:Sappanwood: Ukiyo-e colorant|sappanwood]]. Safflower fluoresces under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM plot, even when the safflower has visually faded to a dull brownish red. In addition to the fluorescence for the red chromophor, the pattern often contained an additional peak for the yellow chromophore that was supposedly removed in the preparation of the red colorant but often needed several washings for complete elimination.
  
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Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Carcinogen and mutagen.
 
  
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== Additional Information ==
+
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px" style="text-align: left">
 +
Safflower color.PNG|<center>3D EEM plot for Safflower</center>
 +
Red EEM plots.jpg|<center>3D EEM plots for Red references</center>
 +
Red EmEx curves.jpg|<center>Overlay of EEM curves for Red references</center>
 +
FORS of reds.jpg|<center>Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references</center>
 +
Red UVVis images.jpg|<center>Visible light and UVA for Red references</center>
 +
</gallery>
  
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° [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/realgar.html  Pigments through the ages]
 
  
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== Sources Checked for Data in Record ==
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==Other Images of Safflower ==  
 +
<gallery>
 +
Safflower_plant.jpg |Safflower plant (''Carthamus tinctorius'')
 +
safflower_raw_1.jpg|thumb|Safflower petals
 +
05 Safflower_petal cakes.jpg|Safflower cakes
 +
beni_safflower.jpg|Paper dyed with safflower
 +
saikubeni.jpg|Safflower colorant, <small>by Isehan Honten</small>
 +
Cosmetic beni.jpg|Cosmetic beni (Rouge), <small>by Isehan Honten</small>
 +
</gallery>
  
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* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
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==List of Prints ==
 +
Below is a list of prints where safflower was detected.
 +
<!--
 +
== Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints ==
  
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* External source or communication  Comment: Submitted information: Ashok Roy, November 2007
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{|class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:Safflower red lantern 06.809.png|200px|Red lantern (MFA 06.809)]]
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
[[File:Safflower red 06.809 EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[EEM of red lantern in MFA 06.809]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:Safflower pink 06.795.png|200px|Pink tree (MFA 06.795)]]
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
[[File:Safflower pink 06.795 EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[EEM of pink tree in MFA 06.795]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:Safflower light pink cloud 11.17586.png|200px]]
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
[[File:Safflower light pink 11.17586 EEM.png|200px]]<br>[[EEM of pink cloud (MFA 11.17586)]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;font-size:90%;text-align:center;width:15%"
 +
|[[File:dyed indigo.jpg|200px]]
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
[[File:Indigo FORS.JPG|200px]]<br>[[Harunobu, Beautiful Women of the Yoshiwara, Applying makeup (MFA 2006.1537.5)|Beauties of the Yoshiwara by Suzuki Harunobu]]
 +
|}
  
−
* R. J. Gettens, G.L. Stout, ''Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopaedia'', Dover Publications, New York, 1966
 
  
−
* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 
  
−
* Richard S. Lewis, ''Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary'', Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 10th ed., 1993
 
  
−
* Susan E. Schur, Conservation Terminology: A review of Past & Current Nomenclature of Materials, ''Technology and Conservation'', Spring (p.34-39); Summer (p.35-38); Fall (p.25-36), 1985
+
<gallery>
 +
Safflower over turmeric 21.9230.png|Orange house (MFA 21.9230) with safflower and turmeric
 +
Safflower over turmeric 21.9230 EEM.png|EEM
  
−
* ''Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia'', Douglas M. Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1976
+
Safflower over turmeric 21.9230 XRF.png|XRF
 +
</gallery>
  
−
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
+
<gallery>
 +
Safflower dayflower brown kimono 11.17643.png|Brown kimono (MFA 11.17643) with both safflower and dayflower
 +
Safflower Dayflower brown 11.17643 EEM.png|EEM
 +
Safflower Dayflower brown 11.17643 XRF.png|XRF
 +
</gallery>
  
−
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 834
+
<gallery>
 +
Safflower light brown kimono dayflower 11.17586.png|Brown kimono (MFA 11.17586) with both safflower and dayflower
 +
Safflower light brown dayflower 11.17586 EEM.png|EEM
 +
Safflower light brown dayflower 11.17586 FORS.png|FORS
 +
Safflower light brown dayflower 11.17586 XRF.png|XRF
 +
</gallery>
  
−
* Website address 1  Comment: pigments through the ages -http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/technical/realgar.html
+
<gallery>
 +
Safflower purple dayflower 06.795.png|Purple kimono (MFA 06.7956) with both safflower and dayflower
 +
Safflower purple dayflower 06.795 EEM.png|EEM
 +
Safflower purple dayflower 06.795 FORS.png|FORS
 +
Safflower purple dayflower 06.795 XRF.png|XRF
 +
</gallery>
  
−
Record content reviewed by EU-Artech, November 2007.
+
<gallery>
 +
Purple lining.png|safflower, dayflower
 +
EEM purple lining.png|EEM of purple
 +
FORS purple lining.png| FORS of purple
 +
</gallery>
  
−
[[Category:Materials database]]
+
-->

Revision as of 09:42, 6 May 2022

Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II by Utagawa Kunisada

Safflower 紅花(benibana): An organic red obtained from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius, it produces a wide range of tones from pale pink to red. The florets are picked, washed, massaged, and fermented to create safflower cakes (紅餅 beni mochi) from which the red dye can be extracted later. Dried florets can also be used to extract the dye directly. The florets are first washed with water to remove non-lightfast yellow chromophors including several quinochalcones. The red colorant, primarily carthamin, is then extracted in an alkaline solution. Safflower was grown throughout Japan during the Edo period for use as a cosmetic and food dye. The area of Yamagata was known as a producer of high quality benibana and still produces it today.

Safflower can appear as a pale pink, such as the delicate pink used to depict subtle eye shadow or blush effects as well as deeper reds. Safflower was noted to be an expensive colorant and often required multiple printings to achieve darker colors. Safflower and madder are the most commonly found reds before the introduction of aniline dyes in the 1860's. Red safflower and madder are found as a single colorant or as a mixture of the two. Although the visual difference between red safflower or madder used alone and a mixture of the two is currently difficult to discern, madder may have been used to extend the safflower. Safflower is most commonly mixed with dayflower to produce purple. The safflower and dayflower combination is continuously detected even after the introduction of synthetic colorants such as Prussian blue and aniline dyes, which seems to indicate that the tone obtained by the two was preferred over other possible mixtures of reds and blues.

For more information see: Safflower, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) LC

Examples of Safflower in Ukiyo-e Prints

11.13297-pt5.png

11.13297-pt5eem.png
Actor Ogino Izaburo I... by Torii Kiyomasu

11.19048-pt1.png

11.19048 Safflower-EEM.png
Rain in the Fifth Month by Ishikawa Toyonobu

200px

Indigo FORS.JPG
Nishikigi of the Kanaya... by Suzuki Harunobu

11.14971-pt4.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Actors Ichikawa Danjûrô V... by Katsukawa Shunko

11.42324-pt5.png

Indigo FORS.JPG
Actor Sawamura Tanosuke II... by Torii Kunisada

200px

11.17904-pt5EEM.png
Seijûrô and Onatsu... by Keisai Eisen

Analysis

Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectroscopy can easily identify the organic reds: safflower, madder, and sappanwood. Safflower fluoresces under UVA radiation and produces a unique EEM plot, even when the safflower has visually faded to a dull brownish red. In addition to the fluorescence for the red chromophor, the pattern often contained an additional peak for the yellow chromophore that was supposedly removed in the preparation of the red colorant but often needed several washings for complete elimination.


  • 3D EEM plot for Safflower
  • 3D EEM plots for Red references
  • Overlay of EEM curves for Red references
  • Overlay of FORS spectra for Red references
  • Visible light and UVA for Red references


Other Images of Safflower

  • Safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius)

  • Safflower petals

  • Safflower cakes

  • Paper dyed with safflower

  • Safflower colorant, by Isehan Honten

  • Cosmetic beni (Rouge), by Isehan Honten

List of Prints

Below is a list of prints where safflower was detected.

Retrieved from "https://cameo.mfa.org/index.php?title=Arsenic_disulfide&oldid=85382"