Difference between revisions of "Indigo"

Latest revision as of 14:08, 9 September 2024

Japanese textile
MFA# 93.1108

Description

Pieced quilt
MFA# 49.414

A natural dark blue dye obtained from Indigofera tinctoria plants native to India, Java, Peru, and other tropical areas. The use of indigo was first mentioned in Indian manuscripts in the 4th century BCE. It was exported to Europe in Roman times but did not become plentiful until sea routes opened up in the 17th century. The natural material is collected as a precipitate from a fermented solution of the plant. The coloring component, indigotin, is extracted as a colorless glycoside, but turns blue with oxidation. Synthetic indigo was first produced in 1880 by Adolf von Baeyer. Made from anthranilic acid, the synthetic colorant is chemically identical to natural indigo and has almost entirely replaced the natural dyestuff. Indigo is a fine, intense powder which may be used directly as a Pigment in oil, tempera, or watercolor media. The exposed pigment can fade rapidly in strong sunlight. Indigo is still used to dye jeans, where its fading and uneven coloring have become favorable characteristics.

See also [(Sukumo-Ai)] in Uemera Dye Archive

Indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria)

Synonyms and Related Terms

2,2'-biindolinyliden-3,3'-dion; Indigofera tinctoria; Natural Blue 1; CI 75780 (natural); Vat Blue 1; CI 73000 (synthetic); Pigment Blue 66; indigotin; indicum (Pliny); indigo (Esp. Fr., Dan., Ned., Port., Sven.); Indigo (Deut.); anil (Esp.); Indiko (Gr.); indaco (It.); aneel; anile; ai (Jap.); rams (Tibetan); neel (Assam); blue ynde; blue inde; anneil; India blue; intense blue; rock indigo; stone blue; indigo carmine; intense blue; indico; indicoe; indego; nil

FTIR (MFA)

Raman (MFA)

XRD

SEM

EDS

FORS

Chemical structure

Risks

Discolored by reducing agents and bleaches.
Fisher Scientific: MSDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

Soluble in nitrobenzene, phenol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, pinene.
Absorption max = 599 (in xylene).
ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 3-4
Microscopically, indigo has fine, translucent dark blue, rounded particles that are weakly birefringent and appear red under Chelsea filter.

Composition	C16H10N2O2
CAS	482-89-3
Melting Point	390-392 C
Molecular Weight	mol. wt. = 262.26
Refractive Index	>1.662

Comparisons

Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments

Additional Images

Indigo piece (Indigofera tinctoria)
Indigo powder (Indigofera tinctoria)
Paper dyed with indigo
Paper dyed with indigo at 50x
Indigo at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)
Indigo blue at 500x

Resources and Citations

Irfan Laskar1 and Shahida Ansari1, 'Illustrated Manuscripts at Auniati Satra of Majuli Island, Assam', Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 9: 1116-1139, 2021-22.
H.Schweppe, "Indigo and Woad", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
Pigments Through the Ages: Indigo
Analytical strategies for natural dyestuffs in cultural heritage objects - EU-ARTECH European research project - http://www.organic-colorants.org
Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
The Dictionary of , Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigment'
, A Dictionary of Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4977
A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
R., M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "indigo" [Accessed May 6, 2004].
Website: at www.colour-index.org
Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via 98, ., 1998
AAT: http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:49.414-SC2674.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 49.414]]
+[[File:Indigotextile931108.jpg|thumb|Japanese textile<br>MFA# 93.1108]]
 == Description ==
+[[File:49.414-SC2674.jpg|thumb|Pieced quilt<br>MFA# 49.414]]
+A natural dark blue dye obtained from ''Indigofera tinctoria'' plants native to India, ''Java'', Peru, and other tropical areas. The use of indigo was first mentioned in Indian manuscripts in the 4th century BCE. It was exported to Europe in Roman times but did not become plentiful until sea routes opened up in the 17th century. The natural material is collected as a precipitate from a fermented solution of the plant. The coloring component, indigotin, is extracted as a colorless glycoside, but turns blue with oxidation. Synthetic indigo was first produced in 1880 by Adolf von Baeyer. Made from anthranilic acid, the synthetic colorant is chemically identical to natural indigo and has almost entirely replaced the natural dyestuff. Indigo is a fine, intense powder which may be used directly as a [[pigment]] in oil, tempera, or watercolor media. The exposed pigment can fade rapidly in strong sunlight. Indigo is still used to dye jeans, where its fading and uneven coloring have become favorable characteristics.
+* See also [[https://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:Uemura_dye_archive (Sukumo-Ai)]] in Uemera Dye Archive
+[[File:indigo tinctoria t.jpg|thumb|Indigo plant  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')]]
-A natural dark blue dye obtained from ''Indigofera tinctoria'' plants native to India, Java, Peru, and other tropical areas. The use of indigo was first mentioned in Indian manuscripts in the 4th century BCE. It was exported to Europe in Roman times but did not become plentiful until sea routes opened up in the 17th century. The natural material is collected as a precipitate from a fermented solution of the plant. The coloring component, indigotin, is extracted as a colorless glycoside, but turns blue with oxidation. Synthetic indigo was first produced in 1880 by Adolf von Baeyer. Made from anthranilic acid, the synthetic colorant is chemically identical to natural indigo and has almost entirely replaced the natural dyestuff. Indigo is a fine, intense powder which may be used directly as a pigment in oil, tempera, or watercolor media. The exposed pigment can fade rapidly in strong sunlight. Indigo is still used to dye jeans, where its fading and uneven coloring have become favorable characteristics.
-[[File:indigo tinctoria t.jpg|thumb|Indigo plant
- (''Indigofera tinctoria'')]]
 == Synonyms and Related Terms ==
-,2'-biindolinyliden-3,3'-dion; '' Indigofera tinctoria''; Natural Blue 1; CI 75780 (natural); Vat Blue 1; CI 73000 (synthetic); Pigment Blue 66; indigotin; indicum (Pliny); indigo (Esp. Fr., Dan., Ned., Port., Sven.); Indigo (Deut.); anil (Esp.); Indiko (Gr.); indaco (It.); aneel; anile; ai (Jap.); rams (Tibetan); blue ynde; blue inde; anneil; India blue; intense blue; rock indigo; stone blue; indigo carmine; intense blue; indico; indicoe; indego; nil
+,2'-biindolinyliden-3,3'-dion; '' Indigofera tinctoria''; Natural Blue 1; CI 75780 (natural); Vat Blue 1; CI 73000 (synthetic); Pigment Blue 66; indigotin; indicum (Pliny); indigo (Esp. Fr., Dan., Ned., Port., Sven.); Indigo (Deut.); anil (Esp.); Indiko (Gr.); indaco (It.); aneel; anile; ai (Jap.); rams (Tibetan); neel (Assam); blue ynde; blue inde; anneil; India blue; intense blue; rock indigo; stone blue; indigo carmine; intense blue; indico; indicoe; indego; nil
-[[[SliderGallery rightalign|indigo531.jpg~Raman|MFA- Indigo.jpg~FTIR|PIG441.jpg~XRD|f441sem.jpg~SEM|f441edsbw.jpg~EDS|indigo.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
+[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Indigo(443).PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Indigo, Forbes (MFA 443), 785nm.TIF~Raman (MFA)|PIG441.jpg~XRD|f441sem.jpg~SEM|f441edsbw.jpg~EDS|Indigo_FORS.JPG~FORS|indigo.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
+== Risks ==
-== Other Properties ==
+* Discolored by reducing agents and bleaches.
+* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/62055.htm MSDS]
+== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
-Soluble in nitrobenzene, phenol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, pinene.
+* Soluble in nitrobenzene, phenol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, pinene.
-Absorption max = 599 (in xylene).
+* Absorption max = 599 (in xylene).
-ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 3-4
+* ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 3-4
-Microscopically, indigo has fine, translucent dark blue, rounded particles that are weakly birefringent and appear red under Chelsea filter.
+* Microscopically, indigo has fine, translucent dark blue, rounded particles that are weakly birefringent and appear red under Chelsea filter.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 28: / Line 31: @@
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Melting Point
-| 390-392
+| 390-392 C
 |-
 ! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 | >1.662
 |}
-== Hazards and Safety ==
-Discolored by reducing agents and bleaches.
-Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/62055.htm MSDS]
-[[File:indigo_piece_1.jpg|thumb|Indigo piece
-(''Indigofera tinctoria'')]]
-== Additional Information ==
-&shy; H.Schweppe, "Indigo and Woad", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.  Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/indigo.html Indigo]
 == Comparisons ==
@@ Line 52: / Line 44: @@
 [[media:download_file_488.pdf|Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments]]
+== Additional Images ==
+<gallery>
+File:indigo_piece_1.jpg|thumb|Indigo piece  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
+File:indigo_powder.jpg|thumb|Indigo powder  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
+File:dyed indigo.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo
+File:indigo_50X2.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo at 50x
+File:Indigo C100x.jpg|Indigo at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)
+File:46_Indigo_blue_500X.jpg|Indigo blue at 500x
+</gallery>
-== Authority ==
+== Resources and Citations ==
+* Irfan Laskar1 and Shahida Ansari1, 'Illustrated Manuscripts at Auniati Satra of Majuli Island, Assam', ''Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology'' 9: 1116-1139, 2021-22.
-* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
+* H.Schweppe, "Indigo and Woad", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
+* Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/indigo.html Indigo]
-* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: 'Pigment'
+* Analytical strategies for natural dyestuffs in cultural heritage objects - EU-ARTECH European research project - http://www.organic-colorants.org
+* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
-* Ralph Mayer, Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
+* ''The Dictionary of '', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: 'Pigment'
+* , ''A Dictionary of  Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
-* Palmy Weigle, Palmy Weigle, ''Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
+* Palmy Weigle, ''Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
+* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
-* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
 * ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
 * ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 4977
+* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ''ICOM-CC Preprints'' Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
+* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of  and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
+* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with  and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
+* R., M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in  Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', '' Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial  Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
+* F. Crace-Calvert, ''Dyeing and Calico Printing'', Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
+* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
+* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "indigo"  [Accessed May 6, 2004].
+* Website: at www.colour-index.org
+* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
+* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via  98, ., 1998
+*  AAT: http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* A.Scharff, A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ''ICOM-CC Preprints'' Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
-* Hermann Kuhn, Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
-* Thomas B. Brill, Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
-* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', ''Japanese Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
-* F. Crace-Calvert, F. Crace-Calvert, ''Dyeing and Calico Printing'', Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
-* Random House, Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
-* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "indigo" Encyclopdia Britannica  from Encyclopdia Britannica Premium Service.    [Accessed May 6, 2004].
-* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
-* Book and Paper Group, Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
-* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
-* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
-* Website address 1, Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through the Ages:  http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indigo.html
+[[Category:Materials database]]