Difference between revisions of "Indigo"

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[[File:49.414-SC2674.jpg|thumb|'''MFA Acc. #:''' 49.414]]
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[[File:Indigotextile931108.jpg|thumb|Japanese textile<br>MFA# 93.1108]]
 
== Description ==
 
== Description ==
 +
[[File:49.414-SC2674.jpg|thumb|Pieced quilt<br>MFA# 49.414]]
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A natural dark blue dye obtained from ''Indigofera tinctoria'' plants native to India, ''Java'', Peru, and other tropical areas. The use of indigo was first mentioned in Indian manuscripts in the 4th century BCE. It was exported to Europe in Roman times but did not become plentiful until sea routes opened up in the 17th century. The natural material is collected as a precipitate from a fermented solution of the plant. The coloring component, indigotin, is extracted as a colorless glycoside, but turns blue with oxidation. Synthetic indigo was first produced in 1880 by Adolf von Baeyer. Made from anthranilic acid, the synthetic colorant is chemically identical to natural indigo and has almost entirely replaced the natural dyestuff. Indigo is a fine, intense powder which may be used directly as a [[pigment]] in oil, tempera, or watercolor media. The exposed pigment can fade rapidly in strong sunlight. Indigo is still used to dye jeans, where its fading and uneven coloring have become favorable characteristics.
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* See also [[https://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Category:Uemura_dye_archive (Sukumo-Ai)]] in Uemera Dye Archive
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[[File:indigo tinctoria t.jpg|thumb|Indigo plant  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')]]
  
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A '''natural''' dark blue dye obtained from ''Indigofera tinctoria'' plants native to India, ''Java'', Peru, and other tropical areas. The use of indigo was first mentioned in Indian manuscripts in the 4th century BCE. It was exported to Europe in Roman times but did not become plentiful until sea routes opened up in the 17th century. The natural material is collected as a precipitate from a fermented solution of the plant. The coloring component, indigotin, is extracted as a colorless glycoside, but turns blue with oxidation. Synthetic indigo was first produced in 1880 by Adolf von Baeyer. Made from anthranilic acid, the synthetic colorant is chemically identical to natural indigo and has almost entirely replaced the natural dyestuff. Indigo is a fine, intense powder which may be used directly as a [[pigment]] in oil, tempera, or watercolor media. The exposed pigment can fade rapidly in strong sunlight. Indigo is still used to dye jeans, where its fading and uneven coloring have become favorable characteristics.
 
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[[File:indigo tinctoria t.jpg|thumb|Indigo plant
 
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(''Indigofera tinctoria'')]]
 
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
 
== Synonyms and Related Terms ==
  
−
2,2'-biindolinyliden-3,3'-dion; '' Indigofera tinctoria''; Natural Blue 1; CI 75780 (natural); Vat Blue 1; CI 73000 (synthetic); Pigment Blue 66; indigotin; indicum (Pliny); indigo (Esp. Fr., Dan., Ned., Port., Sven.); Indigo (Deut.); anil (Esp.); Indiko (Gr.); indaco (It.); aneel; anile; ai (Jap.); rams (Tibetan); blue ynde; blue inde; anneil; India blue; intense blue; rock indigo; stone blue; indigo carmine; intense blue; indico; indicoe; indego; nil
+
2,2'-biindolinyliden-3,3'-dion; '' Indigofera tinctoria''; Natural Blue 1; CI 75780 (natural); Vat Blue 1; CI 73000 (synthetic); Pigment Blue 66; indigotin; indicum (Pliny); indigo (Esp. Fr., Dan., Ned., Port., Sven.); Indigo (Deut.); anil (Esp.); Indiko (Gr.); indaco (It.); aneel; anile; ai (Jap.); rams (Tibetan); neel (Assam); blue ynde; blue inde; anneil; India blue; intense blue; rock indigo; stone blue; indigo carmine; intense blue; indico; indicoe; indego; nil
  
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|indigo531.jpg~Raman|MFA- Indigo.jpg~FTIR|Indigo(443).PNG~FTIR|PIG441.jpg~XRD|f441sem.jpg~SEM|f441edsbw.jpg~EDS|indigo.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
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[[[SliderGallery rightalign|Indigo(443).PNG~FTIR (MFA)|Indigo, Forbes (MFA 443), 785nm.TIF~Raman (MFA)|PIG441.jpg~XRD|f441sem.jpg~SEM|f441edsbw.jpg~EDS|Indigo_FORS.JPG~FORS|indigo.jpg~Chemical structure]]]
 +
== Risks ==
  
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== Other Properties ==
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* Discolored by reducing agents and bleaches. 
 +
* Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/62055.htm MSDS]
 +
== Physical and Chemical Properties ==
  
−
Soluble in nitrobenzene, phenol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, pinene.   
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* Soluble in nitrobenzene, phenol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, pinene.   
−
 
+
* Absorption max = 599 (in xylene).   
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Absorption max = 599 (in xylene).   
+
* ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 3-4   
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+
* Microscopically, indigo has fine, translucent dark blue, rounded particles that are weakly birefringent and appear red under Chelsea filter.
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ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 3-4   
 
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Microscopically, indigo has fine, translucent dark blue, rounded particles that are weakly birefringent and appear red under Chelsea filter.
 
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
 
! scope="row"| Melting Point
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| 390-392
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| 390-392 C
 
|-
 
|-
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
 
! scope="row"| Molecular Weight
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| >1.662
 
| >1.662
 
|}
 
|}
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== Hazards and Safety ==
 
−
 
−
Discolored by reducing agents and bleaches. 
 
−
 
−
Fisher Scientific: [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/62055.htm MSDS]
 
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== Additional Information ==
 
−
 
−
&shy;° H.Schweppe, "Indigo and Woad", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
 
−
 
−
° Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/indigo.html Indigo]
 
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* Analytical strategies for natural dyestuffs in cultural heritage objects - EU-ARTECH European research project - http://www.organic-colorants.org
 
  
 
== Comparisons ==
 
== Comparisons ==
Line 62: Line 47:
  
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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File:indigo_piece_1.jpg|Indigo piece  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
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File:indigo_piece_1.jpg|thumb|Indigo piece  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
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File:indigo_powder.jpg|Indigo powder  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
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File:indigo_powder.jpg|thumb|Indigo powder  (''Indigofera tinctoria'')
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File:indigo_50X2.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo
 
 
File:dyed indigo.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo
 
File:dyed indigo.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo
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File:Indigo C100x.jpg|Indigo
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File:indigo_50X2.jpg|Paper dyed with indigo at 50x
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File:46_Indigo_blue_500X.jpg|Indigo blue
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File:Indigo C100x.jpg|Indigo at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)
 +
File:46_Indigo_blue_500X.jpg|Indigo blue at 500x
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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+
== Resources and Citations ==
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== Authority ==
+
* Irfan Laskar1 and Shahida Ansari1, 'Illustrated Manuscripts at Auniati Satra of Majuli Island, Assam', ''Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology'' 9: 1116-1139, 2021-22.
−
 
+
* H.Schweppe, "Indigo and Woad", ''Artists Pigments'', Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
 +
* Pigments Through the Ages: [http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/indigo.html Indigo]
 +
* Analytical strategies for natural dyestuffs in cultural heritage objects - EU-ARTECH European research project - http://www.organic-colorants.org
 
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
 
* Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, ''Pigment Compendium'', Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
−
 
+
* ''The Dictionary of '', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: 'Pigment'
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* ''The Dictionary of Art'', Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996  Comment: 'Pigment'
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* , ''A Dictionary of Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
−
 
 
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* Ralph Mayer, ''A Dictionary of Art Terms and Techniques'', Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
 
−
 
 
 
* Palmy Weigle, ''Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
 
* Palmy Weigle, ''Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers'', Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
−
 
 
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
 
* Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, ''Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology'', U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
−
 
 
* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
 
* ''Dictionary of Building Preservation'', Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
−
 
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 4977
 
* ''The Merck Index'', Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983  Comment: entry 4977
−
 
 
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ''ICOM-CC Preprints'' Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
 
* A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ''ICOM-CC Preprints'' Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
−
 
+
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
−
* Hermann Kuhn, ''Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities'', Butterworths, London, 1986
+
* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
−
 
+
* R., M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', '' Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
−
* Thomas B. Brill, ''Light Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities'', Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
 
−
 
 
−
* R.Feller, M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Japanese Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', ''Japanese Woodblock Prints'', Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
 
−
 
 
 
* F. Crace-Calvert, ''Dyeing and Calico Printing'', Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
 
* F. Crace-Calvert, ''Dyeing and Calico Printing'', Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
−
 
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
 
* Random House, ''Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language'', Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
−
 
+
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "indigo"  [Accessed May 6, 2004].
−
* ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', http://www.britannica.com  Comment: "indigo" Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.    [Accessed May 6, 2004].
+
* Website: at www.colour-index.org
−
 
 
−
* Colour Index International online at www.colour-index.org
 
−
 
 
 
* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
 
* Book and Paper Group, ''Paper Conservation Catalog'', AIC, 1984, 1989
 +
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via  98, ., 1998
 +
*  AAT: http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
  
−
* ''The American Heritage Dictionary'' or ''Encarta'', via Microsoft Bookshelf 98, Microsoft Corp., 1998
 
−
 
−
* Art and Architecture Thesaurus Online, http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000
 
−
 
−
* Website address 1  Comment: Pigments Through the Ages:  http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indigo.html
 
  
  
  
 
[[Category:Materials database]]
 
[[Category:Materials database]]

Latest revision as of 14:08, 9 September 2024

Japanese textile
MFA# 93.1108

Description

Pieced quilt
MFA# 49.414

A natural dark blue dye obtained from Indigofera tinctoria plants native to India, Java, Peru, and other tropical areas. The use of indigo was first mentioned in Indian manuscripts in the 4th century BCE. It was exported to Europe in Roman times but did not become plentiful until sea routes opened up in the 17th century. The natural material is collected as a precipitate from a fermented solution of the plant. The coloring component, indigotin, is extracted as a colorless glycoside, but turns blue with oxidation. Synthetic indigo was first produced in 1880 by Adolf von Baeyer. Made from anthranilic acid, the synthetic colorant is chemically identical to natural indigo and has almost entirely replaced the natural dyestuff. Indigo is a fine, intense powder which may be used directly as a Pigment in oil, tempera, or watercolor media. The exposed pigment can fade rapidly in strong sunlight. Indigo is still used to dye jeans, where its fading and uneven coloring have become favorable characteristics.

Indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria)

Synonyms and Related Terms

2,2'-biindolinyliden-3,3'-dion; Indigofera tinctoria; Natural Blue 1; CI 75780 (natural); Vat Blue 1; CI 73000 (synthetic); Pigment Blue 66; indigotin; indicum (Pliny); indigo (Esp. Fr., Dan., Ned., Port., Sven.); Indigo (Deut.); anil (Esp.); Indiko (Gr.); indaco (It.); aneel; anile; ai (Jap.); rams (Tibetan); neel (Assam); blue ynde; blue inde; anneil; India blue; intense blue; rock indigo; stone blue; indigo carmine; intense blue; indico; indicoe; indego; nil

FTIR (MFA)

Indigo(443).PNG

Raman (MFA)

Indigo, Forbes (MFA 443), 785nm.TIF

XRD

PIG441.jpg

SEM

F441sem.jpg

EDS

F441edsbw.jpg

FORS

Indigo FORS.JPG

Chemical structure

Indigo.jpg

Risks

  • Discolored by reducing agents and bleaches.
  • Fisher Scientific: MSDS

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Soluble in nitrobenzene, phenol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid. Insoluble in water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, pinene.
  • Absorption max = 599 (in xylene).
  • ISO R105 Lightfastness Classification = 3-4
  • Microscopically, indigo has fine, translucent dark blue, rounded particles that are weakly birefringent and appear red under Chelsea filter.
Composition C16H10N2O2
CAS 482-89-3
Melting Point 390-392 C
Molecular Weight mol. wt. = 262.26
Refractive Index >1.662

Comparisons

Characteristics of Common Blue Pigments

Additional Images

  • Indigo piece (Indigofera tinctoria)

  • Indigo powder (Indigofera tinctoria)

  • Paper dyed with indigo

  • Paper dyed with indigo at 50x

  • Indigo at 100x (visible light left; UV light right)

  • Indigo blue at 500x

Resources and Citations

  • Irfan Laskar1 and Shahida Ansari1, 'Illustrated Manuscripts at Auniati Satra of Majuli Island, Assam', Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 9: 1116-1139, 2021-22.
  • H.Schweppe, "Indigo and Woad", Artists Pigments, Volume 3, E. West FitzHugh (ed.), Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997.
  • Pigments Through the Ages: Indigo
  • Analytical strategies for natural dyestuffs in cultural heritage objects - EU-ARTECH European research project - http://www.organic-colorants.org
  • Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2004
  • The Dictionary of , Grove's Dictionaries Inc., New York, 1996 Comment: 'Pigment'
  • , A Dictionary of Terms and Techniques, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, 1969 (also 1945 printing)
  • Palmy Weigle, Ancient Dyes for Modern Weavers, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1974
  • Matt Roberts, Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: a Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1982
  • Dictionary of Building Preservation, Ward Bucher, ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1996
  • The Merck Index, Martha Windholz (ed.), Merck Research Labs, Rahway NJ, 10th edition, 1983 Comment: entry 4977
  • A.Scharff, 'Synthetic dyestuffs for textiles and their fastness to washing', ICOM-CC Preprints Lyon, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1999
  • Hermann Kuhn, Conservation and Restoration of Works of and Antiquities, Butterworths, London, 1986
  • Thomas B. Brill, Light Its Interaction with and Antiquities, Plenum Press, New York City, 1980
  • R., M.Curran, C.Bailie, 'Identification of Traditional Organic Colorants Employed in Prints and Determination of their Rates of Fading', Woodblock Prints, Allen Memorial Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, 1984
  • F. Crace-Calvert, Dyeing and Calico Printing, Palmer & Howe, London, 1876
  • Random House, Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, Grammercy Book, New York, 1997
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com Comment: "indigo" [Accessed May 6, 2004].
  • Website: at www.colour-index.org
  • Book and Paper Group, Paper Conservation Catalog, AIC, 1984, 1989
  • The American Heritage Dictionary or Encarta, via 98, ., 1998
  • AAT: http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/aat/, J. Paul Getty Trust, Los Angeles, 2000

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